Abstract Cyanea superba (Cham.) A. Gray subsp. superba is endemic to the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands, and a member of the Campanulaceae family. Cyanea superba subsp. superba was listed endangered on Sept. 11, 1991, and the last in situ plant died in 2002. It is suspected to have been pollinated by nectar-feeding birds and dispersed by frugivorous birds in the past. The U.S. Army’s natural resources program on Oahu began initial reintroduction of this species in 1998 to support its environmental requirements. The program started reintroductions with one field site in the Waianae Mountains, and has since expanded to 20 sites and over 1950 individuals planted, to date. Attempts to recover extinct plant species often require a multifaceted approach, including propagule management, threat control, and reintroduction of the species into field sites. Monitoring results suggest that reintroduction sites outside the historic range of the species have higher overall survival after five years as well as higher seedling survival. Some of the biggest challenges to the reintroduction of C. superba subsp. superba included destruction of habitat from feral pigs, and predation of stems and fruit from rats. Additional threats include invasive weeds, mites and fungal pathogens, as well as predation of seedlings from introduced slugs. Threat control is critical to the establishment and longevity of reintroduction sites. Challenges presented by the material used for restoration and disruptions in plant-animal interactions include a limited number of founder plants as source material, a lack of effective dispersers, and an approximately five year timespan from seed germination to plant maturity in restoration sites.

中文翻译：

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Cyanea superba (Cham.) A. Gray subsp. 的重新引入方法和挑战。超级巴

摘要 Cyanea superba (Cham.) A. Gray subsp。superba 是夏威夷群岛瓦胡岛的特有种，是桔梗科的一员。Cyanea superba subsp。superba于1991年9月11日被列为濒危物种，最后一株原地植物于2002年死亡。怀疑过去曾由食蜜鸟授粉，并被食果鸟散播。美国陆军在瓦胡岛的自然资源计划于 1998 年开始重新引入该物种，以支持其环境要求。该计划从怀厄奈山的一个田地开始重新引入，此后已扩展到 20 个地点，迄今为止种植了 1950 多人。恢复已灭绝植物物种的尝试通常需要多方面的方法，包括繁殖管理、威胁控制、并将该物种重新引入野外场地。监测结果表明，该物种历史范围之外的重新引入地点在五年后具有更高的总体存活率以及更高的幼苗存活率。重新引入 C. superba subsp. 的一些最大挑战。superba 包括野猪对栖息地的破坏，以及老鼠的茎和果实的捕食。其他威胁包括侵入性杂草、螨虫和真菌病原体，以及被引入的蛞蝓捕食幼苗。威胁控制对于重新引入站点的建立和寿命至关重要。用于恢复和破坏植物-动物相互作用的材料所带来的挑战包括作为源材料的创始植物数量有限、缺乏有效的分散剂、