It has now been 100 years since Hugo Liepmann, in his classic 1920 paper described limb kinetic, ideomotor, and ideational apraxia. There are now several rating scales used to assess and grade the signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease; however, none of these assesses patients for the presence of these disabling forms of upper limb apraxia. This paper, reviews the four types of apraxia that can be associated with Parkinson’s disease, how they can be tested, the disabilities associated with these disorders and possible treatments.

中文翻译：

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雨果·利普曼（Hugo Liepmann），帕金森氏病和上肢失用。

自雨果·利普曼（Hugo Liepmann）在其1920年的经典论文中描述肢体动力学，意识运动和概念性失用症至今已有100年了。现在有几种评定量表，用于评估和分级与帕金森氏病有关的体征和症状。然而，这些都没有评估患者是否存在这些致残形式的上肢失用症。本文概述了与帕金森氏病有关的四种失用症，如何进行检查，与这些疾病有关的残疾以及可能的治疗方法。