To determine the effects of maternal supplementation on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolic function in fetal muscle and liver, pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 221.58 ± 33.26 kg; n = 21) fed a complete gestation diet (corn–soybean meal based diet, CSM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isocaloric supplementation treatments: control (CON, 378 g/d CSM, n = 5), sucrose (SUGAR, 255 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), cooked ground beef (BEEF, 330 g/d n = 6), or BEEF + SUGAR (B+S, 165 g/d cooked ground beef and 129 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), from days 40 to 110 of gestation. Sows were euthanized on day 111 of gestation. Two male and 2 female fetuses of median BW were selected from each litter, and samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were collected. Relative transcript level was quantified via qPCR with HPRT1 as the reference gene for both muscle and liver samples. The following genes were selected and analyzed in the muscle: IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2R, GYS-1, IRS-1, INSR, SREBP-1C, and LEPR; while the following were analyzed in the liver: IGF2, IGF2R, FBFase, G6PC, PC, PCK1, FGF21, and LIPC. No effect of fetal sex by maternal treatment interaction was observed in mRNA abundance of any of the genes evaluated (P > 0.11). In muscle, the maternal nutritional treatment influenced (P = 0.02) IGF2 mRNA abundance, with B+S and SUGAR fetuses having lower abundance than CON, which was not different from BEEF. Additionally, SREBP-1 mRNA abundance was greater (P < 0.01) for B+S compared with CON, BEEF, or SUGAR fetuses; and females tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased abundance of SREBP-1 than males. In fetal liver, IGF2R mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.01) for CON and BEEF than SUGAR and B+S; while FBPase mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.03) for B+S compared with the other groups. In addition, maternal nutritional tended (P = 0.06) to influence LIPC mRNA abundance, with increased abundance in CON compared with SUGAR and B+S. These data indicate limited changes in transcript abundance due to substitution of supplemental sugar by ground beef during mid to late gestation. However, the differential expression of FBPase and SREBP-1c in response to the simultaneous supplementation of sucrose and ground beef warrants further investigations, since these genes may play important roles in determining the offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases.

中文翻译：

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在猪模型中，妊娠期补充绞碎的牛肉和蔗糖会影响与代谢功能相关的基因的胎儿表达。

为了确定母体补充对胎儿肌肉和肝脏代谢功能相关基因的mRNA丰度的影响，妊娠母猪（Landrace×York；初始体重（BW）221.58±33.26 kg；n = 21）以完全妊娠饮食喂养（以玉米-豆粕为基础的饮食，CSM）被随机分配到4种等热量补充治疗中的1种：对照组（CON，378 g / d CSM，n = 5），蔗糖（糖，255 g / d结晶糖，n = 5） ），熟牛肉（BEEF，330 g / d n = 6）或BEEF +糖（B + S，165 g / d熟牛肉，129 g / d结晶糖，n = 5），从妊娠40天到110天。在妊娠第111天对母猪实施安乐死。从每个窝中选出两个中位体重的雄性和雌性胎儿，并收集背最长肌和肝脏样品。相对转录水平通过qPCR定量，其中HPRT1作为肌肉和肝脏样品的参考基因。在肌肉中选择和分析以下基因：IGF1R，IGF2，IGF2R，GYS-1，IRS-1，INSR，SREBP-1C和LEPR；在肝脏中进行了以下分析：IGF2，IGF2R，FBFase，G6PC，PC，PCK1，FGF21和LIPC。在所评估的任何基因的mRNA丰度中均未观察到母体治疗相互作用对胎儿性别的影响（P > 0.11）。在肌肉中，孕产妇营养治疗影响（P = 0.02）IGF2 mRNA丰度，其中B + S和SUGAR胎儿的丰度低于CON，与BEEF并无不同。此外，与CON，BEEF或SUGAR胎儿相比，B + S的SREBP-1 mRNA丰度更高（P <0.01）。而女性倾向于（P = 0.06）的丰度增加SREBP-1比男性多。在胎肝，IGF2R的mRNA丰度为大于（P为CON和牛肉比蔗糖和B + S = 0.01）; 而B + S组的FBPase mRNA丰度则高于其他组（P = 0.03）。此外，与SUGAR和B + S相比，孕妇的营养趋向（P = 0.06）影响LIPC mRNA的丰度，CON的丰度增加。这些数据表明，在妊娠中期至后期，由于碎牛肉替代了补充糖，因此转录丰度变化有限。然而，FBPase和SREBP-1c的差异表达 对同时补充蔗糖和绞细牛肉的反应值得进一步研究，因为这些基因可能在确定后代对代谢疾病的敏感性中起重要作用。