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Preferential localized thinning of lithospheric mantle in the melt-poor Malawi Rift
Nature Geoscience ( IF 18.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-20 , DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0609-y
Emily Hopper , James B. Gaherty , Donna J. Shillington , Natalie J. Accardo , Andrew A. Nyblade , Benjamin K. Holtzman , Christopher Havlin , Christopher A. Scholz , Patrick R. N. Chindandali , Richard W. Ferdinand , Gabriel D. Mulibo , Gabriel Mbogoni

The forces required to initiate rifting in cratonic plates far exceed the available tectonic forces. High temperatures and resultant melts can weaken the lithosphere, but these factors do not readily explain the extension of old and strong lithosphere in magma-poor rifts, such as the Malawi Rift. Here, new seismic converted-wave imaging shows that even in this magma-poor rift, upper-crustal rift basins are associated with localized preferential thinning of the lithospheric mantle. We calculated the beta factor, the ratio between current and prerift thickness, beneath the rift axis and found crustal beta of 1.7 ± 0.3 and lithospheric-mantle beta of 3.8 ± 1.7. Purely mechanical stretching cannot explain the preferential lithospheric mantle thinning—instead, thinning of the rheological lithosphere was probably augmented by thermochemical rejuvenation and erosion. Although local surface-wave-derived shear-wave velocities preclude a substantially elevated temperature and partial melt today, fusible materials preserved in the lower lithosphere that underlie the Ubendian Belt and its bounding subduction-related sutures in which the Malawi Rift nucleated may have provided an early supply of melt that enabled localized lithospheric alteration and/or removal. A plume-related or other asthenospheric perturbation would preferentially melt the more fusible lithospheric materials and the rising melts would heat and weaken progressively shallower parts of the lithosphere, which spatially localizes weakening (hence the lithospheric-mantle thinning) and enables the onset of rifting.



中文翻译:

贫瘠的马拉维裂谷岩石圈地幔的优先局部变薄

在克拉通板块中开始裂谷所需的力远远超过了可用的构造力。高温和由此产生的熔体会削弱岩石圈,但是这些因素并不能轻易解释贫岩裂谷(如马拉维裂谷)中古老而结实的岩石圈的扩展。在这里,新的地震转换波成像显示,即使在这种岩浆较差的裂谷中,上地壳裂谷盆地也与岩石圈地幔的局部优先减薄有关。我们计算了裂谷轴下方的贝塔系数,即当前与预裂厚度之间的比率,发现地壳贝塔为1.7±0.3,岩石圈-地幔贝塔为3.8±1.7。纯机械拉伸无法解释岩石圈地幔优先变薄的原因,相反,流变岩石圈的变薄可能通过热化学回春和侵蚀而加剧。尽管今天由局部表面波产生的剪切波速度排除了温度的大幅升高和部分熔融的可能性,但在乌本地亚带及其边界俯冲相关的缝合线下面的岩石圈下部保留的可熔材料可能提供了马拉维裂谷的成核作用。尽早供应熔体,以实现局部岩石圈的改变和/或清除。与羽流有关或其他的软流圈扰动将优先融化更易熔的岩石圈物质,而上升的熔体将加热并逐渐减弱岩石圈的较浅部分,从而在空间上局部减弱(从而使岩石圈-地幔变薄)并使裂谷作用开始。尽管今天由局部表面波产生的剪切波速度排除了温度的大幅升高和部分熔融的可能性,但在乌本地亚带及其边界俯冲相关的缝合线下面的岩石圈下部保留的可熔材料可能提供了马拉维裂谷的成核作用。尽早供应熔体,以实现局部岩石圈的改变和/或清除。与羽流有关或其他的软流圈扰动将优先融化更易熔的岩石圈物质,而上升的熔体将加热并逐渐减弱岩石圈的较浅部分,从而在空间上局部减弱(从而使岩石圈-地幔变薄)并使裂谷作用开始。尽管今天由局部表面波产生的剪切波速度排除了温度的大幅升高和部分熔融的可能性,但在乌本地亚带及其边界俯冲相关的缝合线下面的岩石圈下部保留的可熔材料可能提供了马拉维裂谷的成核作用。尽早供应熔体,以实现局部岩石圈的改变和/或清除。与羽流有关或其他的软流圈扰动将优先融化更易熔的岩石圈物质,而上升的熔体将加热并逐渐减弱岩石圈的较浅部分,从而在空间上局部减弱(从而使岩石圈-地幔变薄)并使裂谷作用开始。乌本底地带及其下俯冲相关的缝合线下方的岩石圈下部保存的易熔材料可能提供了早期熔体供应,使局部岩石圈发生了改变和/或去除,马拉维裂谷在其中缝合。与羽流有关或其他的软流圈扰动将优先融化更易熔的岩石圈物质,而上升的熔体将加热并逐渐减弱岩石圈的较浅部分,从而在空间上局部减弱(从而使岩石圈-地幔变薄)并使裂谷作用开始。乌本底地带及其下俯冲相关的缝合线下方的岩石圈下部保存的易熔材料可能提供了早期熔体供应,使局部岩石圈发生了改变和/或去除,马拉维裂谷在其中缝合。与羽流有关或其他的软流圈扰动将优先融化更易熔的岩石圈物质,而上升的熔体将加热并逐渐减弱岩石圈的较浅部分,从而在空间上局部减弱(从而使岩石圈-地幔变薄)并使裂谷作用开始。

更新日期:2020-07-20
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