The Hmong-Mien (HM) and Sino-Tibetan (ST) speaking groups are known as hill tribes in Thailand; they were the subject of the first studies to show an impact of patrilocality vs. matrilocality on patterns of mitochondrial (mt) DNA vs. male-specific portion of the Y chromosome (MSY) variation. However, HM and ST groups have not been studied in as much detail as other Thai groups; here we report and analyze 234 partial MSY sequences (∼2.3 mB) and 416 complete mtDNA sequences from 14 populations that, when combined with our previous published data, provides the largest dataset yet for the hill tribes. We find a striking difference between Hmong and IuMien (Mien-speaking) groups: the Hmong are genetically different from both the IuMien and all other Thai groups, whereas the IuMien are genetically more similar to other linguistic groups than to the Hmong. In general, we find less of an impact of patrilocality vs. matrilocality on patterns of mtDNA vs. MSY variation than previous studies. However, there is a dramatic difference in the frequency of MSY and mtDNA lineages of Northeast Asian (NEA) origin vs. Southeast Asian (SEA) origin in HM vs. ST groups: HM groups have high frequencies of NEA MSY lineages but lower frequencies of NEA mtDNA lineages, while ST groups show the opposite. A potential explanation is that the ancestors of Thai HM groups were patrilocal, while the ancestors of Thai ST groups were matrilocal. Overall, these results attest to the impact of cultural practices on patterns of mtDNA vs. MSY variation.

苗族和汉藏语系在泰国被称为山地部落。他们是第一批研究的对象，这些研究显示了父权性与母体性对线粒体（mt）DNA模式与Y染色体（MSY）变异的男性特异性部分的影响。但是，对HM和ST群体的研究没有像其他泰国群体那么详细。在这里我们报告并分析了234个MSY部分序列（〜2.3 mB）和来自14个种群的416个完整mtDNA序列，与我们先前发布的数据结合后，可提供迄今为止山丘部落最大的数据集。我们发现苗族和IuMien（说汉语）的群体之间存在显着差异：Hmong在遗传上与IuMien和所有其他泰国群体不同，而IuMien在基因上与其他语言群体更相似，而与Hmong相似。总的来说，与以前的研究相比，我们发现父系地位与母系地位对mtDNA与MSY变异模式的影响较小。但是，在HM组与ST组中，东北亚（NEA）起源与东南亚（SEA）起源的MSY和mtDNA谱系的频率存在显着差异：HM组具有较高的NEA MSY谱系频率，但NEA mtDNA血统，而ST组则相反。一个可能的解释是，泰国HM族的祖先是祖籍，而泰国ST族的祖先是母系。总体而言，这些结果证明了文化习俗对mtDNA与MSY变异模式的影响。