The investigations focused on the façade of the 17th-century Myszkowskis chapel at the 13th-century Church of the Holy Trinity in Cracow, Poland. Most of the chapel’s façade is made of rusticated limestone blocks, but its lower part is covered with cement render, and the basement consists of irregular pieces of limestone and sandstone, bound and partly replaced with cement mortar. The façade exhibited clearly visible damages: gray soiling of the surface, cracks, scaling, and efflorescence. The study presents characteristics of the cement render and mortar used for stone repair and/or substitution, as well as efflorescence from the lower part of the Myszkowskis chapel façade. The materials were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman microspectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The analyses demonstrated that the render covering some of the decayed limestone blocks was prepared using Portland cement (residual clinker grains represent alite and belite) as a binding agent, mixed with crushed stone as an aggregate. The cement mortar consisted of rounded quartz grains, rock fragments, and feldspars in very fine-grained masses of calcite and gypsum, also containing relics of cement clinker (alite, belite, ferrite, and aluminate). All these components point out the use of the ordinary Portland cement. Analyses of the efflorescence allowed us to distinguish several secondary salts, among others, thenardite, aphthitalite, and darapskite. The appearance of these phases is related to the composition and physicochemical properties of the building materials, atmospheric alteration agents, air pollution, and some other anthropogenic factors.

中文翻译：

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波兰克拉科夫多米尼加斯修道院的圣三一教堂的水泥渲染和砂浆及其盐结晶造成的破坏

调查的重点是波兰克拉科夫的13世纪圣三一教堂的17世纪Myszkowskis教堂的正面。教堂的大部分立面均由仿古石灰石砌块制成，但其下部覆盖着水泥粉刷，而地下室则由不规则的石灰石和砂岩块组成，并用水泥砂浆装订并部分替换。外立面表现出清晰可见的破坏：表面的灰色污垢，裂缝，结垢和风化。这项研究提出了用于石材修复和/或替代的水泥抹灰和砂浆的特性，以及Myszkowskis教堂立面下部的风化作用。使用光学显微镜，扫描电子显微镜（SEM-EDS），拉曼光谱，X射线衍射（XRPD），和压汞法。分析表明，使用波特兰水泥（残留的熟料颗粒分别表示阿利特和贝利特）作为粘结剂，并与碎石混合，可以制成覆盖部分腐烂石灰石砌块的抹灰。水泥砂浆由圆形石英颗粒，岩石碎片和长石组成，颗粒状方解石和石膏非常细小，还含有水泥熟料遗留物（矾土，贝利特，铁素体和铝酸盐）。所有这些组成部分都指出了普通硅酸盐水泥的使用。通过对风化的分析，我们可以区分出几种仲盐，其中包括芒硝，方铅矿和钠闪石。这些相的出现与建筑材料，大气改变剂，