Jets and plumes have been the focus of quantitative investigations since the mid‐1950s. These investigations intensified following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which thousands of tons of oil and natural gas were released into the Gulf of Mexico. This review focuses on plume dynamics that apply to both single‐phase and multiphase liquid‐in‐liquid and liquid plus gas into liquid plumes, including bubble and droplet formation, and heat and mass transfer. Broadly, our work highlights several previously unknown or overlooked aspects of multiphase flow in the deep oceans. Upstream of the jet release, multiphase hydraulics can significantly affect the turbulence, for instance, through churn flow that enhances the turbulence in the free jet, affecting the conditions where bubbles and droplets are formed. Droplet formation was a major focus recently, with experiments covering a range of scales and flow rates of oil and gas at low and high pressure. Detailed observations of droplet formation at the jet‐water boundary reveal the formation of compound droplets, which are emulsions of oil and water with implications for mass conservation and mass transfer. At the plume scale, integral models have been adapted to include the complex thermodynamics and chemistry of oil and gas plumes. In parallel, significant advances were made in numerical simulations of multiphase plumes through large eddy simulations by treating the oil and gas either a continuous or discrete phase. Through this work, a vivid picture of the complex droplet, chemical, and hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase plumes in the ocean is emerging. Plain Language Summary Interest in jet and plumes in natural systems increased since the mid‐1950s. Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill at 1,500 m depth of the Gulf of Mexico, experimental and numerical studies of jets and plumes increased to better understand hydrodynamics, chemistry, and the fate of oil droplets in the water column. This work highlights several newly discovered aspects of multiphase flows. Upstream of the jet release (inside the pipe), the increase in the gas fraction leads to chaotic and highly turbulent churn flow, which affects the conditions where bubbles and droplets are formed. Observations of droplet formation near the jet‐water interface revealed the formation of composite droplets such as an oil droplet including a water droplet inside, which is important for the estimation of mass and heat transfer among the phases. At the plume scale, integral models including chemical and thermal properties of oil and gas at different ambient conditions, that is, pressure and temperature are developed. In parallel, numerical simulations of multiphase plumes with high‐fidelity turbulencemodels are performed and compared to the measurements.

中文翻译：

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多相水下射流和羽流的综述：液滴、流体动力学和化学

自 1950 年代中期以来，喷流和羽流一直是定量研究的重点。在深水地平线漏油事件之后，这些调查得到了加强，其中数千吨石油和天然气被释放到墨西哥湾。本综述侧重于适用于单相和多相液包液和液体加气体进入液体羽流的羽流动力学，包括气泡和液滴的形成，以及传热和传质。从广义上讲，我们的工作突出了深海多相流的几个以前未知或被忽视的方面。在射流释放的上游，多相水力学可以显着影响湍流，例如，通过增强自由射流中的湍流的搅动流动，影响气泡和液滴形成的条件。液滴的形成是最近的一个主要焦点，实验涵盖了石油和天然气在低压和高压下的一系列规模和流速。对喷射水边界处液滴形成的详细观察揭示了复合液滴的形成，它们是油和水的乳液，对质量守恒和传质有影响。在羽流尺度上，积分模型已经过调整，以包括油气羽流的复杂热力学和化学。与此同时，通过处理连续相或离散相的石油和天然气，通过大涡模拟在多相羽流的数值模拟方面取得了重大进展。通过这项工作，海洋中多相羽流的复杂液滴、化学和流体动力学行为的生动画面正在浮现。简单语言总结自 1950 年代中期以来，人们对自然系统中的喷射和羽流的兴趣增加了。在墨西哥湾 1,500 米深的深水地平线漏油事件之后，对射流和羽流的实验和数值研究增加了，以更好地了解水动力、化学和油滴在水体中的归宿。这项工作突出了多相流的几个新发现的方面。在射流释放的上游（管道内），气体分数的增加导致混乱和高度湍流的搅动流，这会影响气泡和液滴形成的条件。对喷射水界面附近液滴形成的观察揭示了复合液滴的形成，例如油滴内部包含水滴，这对于估计相之间的传质和传热很重要。在羽流尺度上，建立了包括石油和天然气在不同环境条件下，即压力和温度下的化学和热学性质的积分模型。同时，使用高保真湍流模型对多相羽流进行数值模拟，并与测量结果进行比较。