The success of alien plant species can be attributed to differences in functional traits compared to less successful aliens as well as to native species, and thus their adaptation to environmental conditions. Studies have shown that alien (especially invasive) plant species differ from native species in traits such as specific leaf area (SLA), height, seed size or flowering period, where invasive species showed significantly higher values for these traits. Different environmental conditions, though, may promote the success of native or alien species, leading to competitive exclusion due to dissimilarity in traits between the groups. However, native and alien species can also be similar, with environmental conditions selecting for the same set of traits across species. So far, the effect of traits on invasion success has been studied without considering environmental conditions. To understand this interaction we examined the trait–environment relationship within natives, and two groups of alien plant species differing in times of introduction (archaeophytes vs. neophytes). Further, we investigated the difference between non-invasive and invasive neophytes. We analyzed the relationship between functional traits of 1,300 plant species occurring in 1000 randomly selected grid-cells across Germany and across different climatic conditions and land-cover types. Our results show that temperature, precipitation, the proportion of natural habitats, as well as the number of land-cover patches and geological patches affect archaeophytes and neophytes differently, regarding their level of urbanity (in neophytes negative for all non-urban land covers) and self-pollination (mainly positive for archaeophytes). Similar patterns were observed between non-invasive and invasive neophytes, where additionally, SLA, storage organs and the beginning of flowering were strongly related to several environmental factors. Native species did not express any strong relationship between traits and environment, possibly due to a high internal heterogeneity within this group of species. The relationship between trait and environment was more pronounced in neophytes compared to archaeophytes, and most pronounced in invasive plants. The alien species at different stages of the invasion process showed both similarities and differences in terms of the relationship between traits and the environment, showing that the success of introduced species is context-dependent.

中文翻译：

---

引进过程中不同阶段植物的性状与环境的关系

外来植物物种的成功可以归因于与不太成功的外来物种以及本地物种相比，在功能性状上的差异，并因此可以适应环境条件。研究表明，外来（特别是入侵）植物物种与本地物种的特征不同，例如比叶面积（SLA），高度，种子大小或开花期，其中入侵物种对这些特征显示出更高的价值。但是，不同的环境条件可能会促进本地物种或外来物种的成功，由于群体之间性状的不同而导致竞争性排斥。但是，本地和外来物种也可能相似，环境条件会选择跨物种的同一组性状。至今，在不考虑环境条件的情况下研究了性状对入侵成功的影响。为了理解这种相互作用，我们研究了本地人的性状与环境之间的关系，以及两组引入时间不同的外来植物物种（古生植物与新生植物）。此外，我们调查了非侵入性和侵入性新生之间的差异。我们分析了在德国以及不同气候条件和土地覆盖类型之间随机选择的1000个网格单元中发生的1300种植物的功能性状之间的关系。我们的结果表明，温度，降水，自然栖息地的比例以及土地覆盖斑块和地质斑块的数量对古生植物和新生植物的影响不同，关于它们的城市化水平（对于所有非城市土地覆盖而言，新生植物均为阴性）和自花授粉（古生植物主要为阳性）。在非侵入性和侵入性新生之间观察到相似的模式，此外，SLA，贮藏器官和开花开始与几种环境因素密切相关。本地物种在性状和环境之间没有表达任何强烈的关系，这可能是由于该物种内部的高度异质性造成的。与新生植物相比，性状与环境之间的关系在新生植物中更为明显，而在入侵植物中最为明显。入侵过程不同阶段的外来物种在性状与环境之间的关系上既有相似之处，也有不同之处，