Due to large-scale agricultural intensification, grasslands are often restricted to habitat islands in human-transformed landscapes. There are approximately half a million ancient burial mounds built by nomadic steppic tribes in the Eurasian steppe and forest steppe zones, which act as habitat islands for dry grassland vegetation. Land use intensification, such as arable farming and afforestation by non-native woody species are amongst the major threats for Eurasian dry grasslands, including grasslands on mounds. After the launch of the Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition framework of the European Union, in Hungary there is a tendency for ceasing crop production and cutting non-native woody plantations, in order to conserve these unique landmarks and restore the historical grassland vegetation on the mounds. In this study, restoration prospects of dry grassland habitats were studied on kurgans formerly covered by croplands and Robinia pseudoacacia plantations. Soil and vegetation characteristics were studied in thespontaneously recovering grasslands. The following questions were addressed: 1; How does site history affect the spontaneous grassland recovery? 2; Do residual soil nutrients play a role in grassland recovery? In former croplands, excess phosphorus, while in former Robinia plantations, excess nitrogen was present in the soil even four years after the land use change and grassland vegetation was in an early or mid-successional stage both on the mounds. The results showed that, without proper management measures, recovery of grassland vegetation is slow on mounds formerly used as cropland or black locust plantation. However, restoration efforts, focused on the restoration of mounds formerly covered by croplands, can be more effective compared to the restoration of mounds formerly covered by forest plantations.

中文翻译：

---

过去土地使用的遗留问题对草原的恢复提出了挑战-以古代墓地上的干旱草原为例

由于大规模的农业集约化，草原常常被限制在人类改造景观中的栖息岛上。游牧草原部落在欧亚草原和森林草原地区建造了大约一百万个古坟，它们是草原植被的生境岛。土地利用的集约化，例如可耕种的耕作和非本地木本物种的造林是对欧亚干旱草原（包括丘陵草地）的主要威胁。在欧盟发布《良好农业和环境条件》框架之后，匈牙利有一种停止作物生产和砍伐非原生木本植物的趋势，以便保护这些独特的地标并恢复土丘上的历史草地植被。 。在这个研究中，研究了以前被农田和刺槐人工林覆盖的k草的干旱草地生境的恢复前景。研究了自然恢复草地的土壤和植被特征。解决了以下问题：1；遗址历史如何影响自然草地的恢复？2; 残留的土壤养分在草地恢复中发挥作用吗？在以前的农田中，磷过多，而在以前的Robinia种植园中，甚至在土地利用变化后四年，土壤中都存在过量的氮，而且两丘上的草地植被都处于早期或中晚期。结果表明，如果没有适当的管理措施，以前用作农田或刺槐人工林的土丘的草地植被恢复缓慢。但是，恢复工作