Conservation for both biodiversity and ecosystem services are an important issue worldwide. However, knowledge of their relationship remains limited. As habitat structure is strongly related to regional biodiversity, we studied cultural ecosystem services by using habitat structure as a proxy for biodiversity. Specifically, we used human preference, assessed by using photos with location information (i.e. geo-tagged digital pictures) as an index of a cultural ecosystem service. We conducted nature walks in semi-natural environments for cognitively-impaired students from a local special school and studied the photos they took during the walks. We analysed the habitat preferences inferred from the photo locations and the composition of the photos—whether they were close-up, scenic or landscape views. The results showed that levels of human preference and biodiversity, indicated by habitat structure, had a positive relationship. During spring to autumn, when levels of biological activity are higher, people tended to show more preference in close-up views (i.e. the subject of the photo was the species itself). In winter, they tended to be interested in scenic views that were not strongly influenced by species diversity. Additionally, photos taken in areas with threatened species almost always included close-up views, although not of the threatened species themselves. Areas with high species diversity therefore appeared to be more appealing to the participants. These results suggest that habitat diversity could not only contribute to biodiversity, but also provide cultural ecosystem services. Habitat conservation for semi-natural environments could be synergised for both biodiversity conservation and general human well-being.

中文翻译：

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栖息地和物种多样性都提供文化生态系统服务吗？使用带有地理标签的照片的试验

保护生物多样性和生态系统服务是世界范围内的重要问题。但是，对其关系的了解仍然有限。由于栖息地结构与区域生物多样性密切相关，因此我们通过使用栖息地结构作为生物多样性的代表来研究文化生态系统服务。具体来说，我们使用人类的偏爱，通过使用带有位置信息的照片（即带有地理标签的数字图片）作为文化生态系统服务的指标进行评估。我们在半自然环境中为当地一所特殊学校的认知障碍学生进行了自然漫步，并研究了他们在步行过程中拍摄的照片。我们分析了根据照片位置和照片组成推断出的栖息地偏好，无论它们是近景，风景还是风景。结果表明，由栖息地结构表明的人类偏好和生物多样性水平呈正相关。在春季至秋季，当生物活性水平较高时，人们倾向于在特写视图中表现出更多的偏爱（即照片的主题是物种本身）。在冬季，他们倾向于对不受物种多样性强烈影响的风景名胜感兴趣。此外，在受威胁物种的地区拍摄的照片几乎总是包含特写镜头，尽管不包括受威胁物种本身。因此，物种多样性高的地区似乎对参与者更具吸引力。这些结果表明，生境多样性不仅可以促进生物多样性，而且可以提供文化生态系统服务。