Purpose

This study aims to create the causal relationship between transportation behavior to Karimunjawa, the number of tourists and the amount of CO2 produced; calculate the reduction of CO2 emissions from the transportation to Karimunjawa based on several proposed policy scenarios; and formulate the managerial implication and recommendation to support the implementation of several proposed policy scenarios.

Design/methodology/approach

This study develops a system dynamics‐based model by using three sub-systems, i.e. “the number of tourist sub-system,” “the switching behavior of tourist travel sub-system” and “the CO2 emission sub-system.”

Findings

The simulation results have shown that, under the current situation, tourist travel behavior should be changed to maximum condition to get the minimum CO2 emission. Improvement of the behavior of tourist in selecting the mode of transportation and the departure point of mini-tour bus and ferry are an effective way to reduce the CO2 emission.

Research limitations/implications

This study only considers limited variables as the driver of the level of change of the capacity of Karimunjawa and the road as well as the variables as the driver of tourism growth. This study only focuses on CO2 emission from the direct impacts of tourist travel; this study does not consider the indirect impact of tourism activity on CO2 emissions. International air travel is not included in the present study.

Practical implications

From a managerial perspective, this study demonstrates that change in the tourist travel behavior is generally not effective in triggering CO2 emission reduction, unless it is accompanied by the strict restriction policy related to the tourist route.

Social implications

This study has the potential to raise societal awareness that the causality of tourist growth and CO2 emissions should be seen as the impact of tourist travel behavior. In this case, to modify the travel behavior, tourist needs to change their mode of transportation to more sustainable transportation.

Originality/value

This paper intends to fill the literature gap of the effect of tourism growth from two perspectives, namely, tourist travel behavior and environmental. The modeling of tourist transport and CO2 emission will provide an overview of the selection of the problem-solving mode for tourist transport that can give a significant contribution to the greenhouse gas emissions reduction to the environmental.

中文翻译：

---

使用系统动力学方法来建立政策情景，以减少因前往卡里穆尼亚瓦的旅游而产生的二氧化碳排放量

目的

本研究旨在建立前往Karimunjawa的交通行为，游客人数和产生的CO2量之间的因果关系；根据一些拟议的政策方案，计算从运输到Karimunjawa的二氧化碳排放量的减少量；并提出管理上的涵义和建议，以支持几种拟议政策方案的实施。

设计/方法/方法

本研究通过使用三个子系统，即“游客子系统数”，“游客旅行子系统的转换行为”和“ CO2排放子系统”，开发了基于系统动力学的模型。

发现

仿真结果表明，在当前情况下，应将游客的出行行为改变为最大状态，以使二氧化碳排放量最小。改善游客选择交通方式的行为以及小巴和轮渡的出发点是减少CO2排放的有效途径。

研究局限/意义

本研究仅将有限变量视为Karimunjawa和道路通行能力变化水平的驱动因素，并将变量视为旅游业增长的驱动因素。这项研究仅关注旅游者直接影响下的二氧化碳排放。这项研究没有考虑旅游活动对二氧化碳排放的间接影响。本研究不包括国际航空旅行。

实际影响

从管理者的角度来看，这项研究表明，除非伴随有与旅游路线有关的严格限制政策，否则游客旅行行为的改变通常不会有效地触发减少二氧化碳的排放。

社会影响

这项研究有可能提高社会意识，即游客增长和二氧化碳排放的因果关系应被视为游客旅行行为的影响。在这种情况下，为了改变出行行为，游客需要将其运输方式改变为更可持续的运输方式。

创意/价值

本文旨在从游客旅行行为和环境两个角度填补旅游业增长影响的文献空白。游客运输和CO2排放的建模将概述选择问题解决模式的游客运输，这可以为减少温室气体排放量对环境的发展做出重大贡献。