Purpose

In this study, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach for evaluating airworthiness factors were presented. The purpose of this study is to develop an acceptable rationale for operational activities in civil and military aviation and for design, production and maintenance activities in the aviation industry that can be used in-flight safety programs and evaluations.

Design/methodology/approach

In aviation, while the initial and continuing airworthiness of aircraft is related to technical airworthiness, identifying and minimizing risks for avoiding losses and damages are related to operational airworthiness. Thus, the airworthiness factors in civil and military aviation were evaluated under these two categories as the technical and operational airworthiness factors by the analytic hierarchy process and analytic network process. Three technical and five operational airworthiness criteria for civil aviation, three technical and nine operational airworthiness criteria for military aviation were defined, evaluated, prioritized and compared in terms of flight safety.

Findings

The most important technical factor is the “airworthiness status of the aircraft” both in civil (81.9%) and military (77.6%) aviation, which means that aircraft should initially be designed for safety. The most significant operational factors are the “air traffic control system” in civil (30.9%) and “threat” in the military (26.6%) aviation. The differences within factor weights may stem from the design requirements and acceptable safety levels (frequency of occurrences 1 in 10⁷ in military and 1 in 10⁹ in civil aircraft design) of civil and military aircraft with the mission achievement requirements in civil and military aviation operations. The damage acceptance criteria for civil and military aircraft are different. The operation risks are accepted in the military and acceptance of specific tasks and the risk levels can vary with aircraft purpose and type.

Practical implications

This study provides an acceptable rationale for safety programs and evaluations in aviation activities. The results of this study can be used in real-world airworthiness applications and safety management by the aviation industry and furthermore, critical factor weights should be considered both in civil and military aviation operations and flights. The safety levels of airlines with respect to our airworthiness factor weights or the safety level of military operations can be computed.

Originality/value

This is the first study considering technical and operational airworthiness factors as an MCDM problem. Originality and value of this paper are defining critical airworthiness factors for civil and military aviation, ranking these factors, revealing the most important ones and using MCDM methods for the evaluations of airworthiness factors for the first time. In civil aviation flight safety is the basic tenet of airworthiness activities in risk analysis, on the other hand in military aviation high levels of risks are to be avoided in peace training or operational tasks. However, even high risks have to be accepted during the war, if the operational requirements impose, as mission achievement is vital. The paper is one of a kind on airworthiness evaluations for flight safety.

中文翻译：

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对飞行安全性的技术和运行适航性因素进行评估并确定优先次序

目的

在这项研究中，提出了一种用于评估适航因素的多标准决策方法（MCDM）。这项研究的目的是为民用和军用航空的运营活动以及航空业的设计，生产和维护活动制定可接受的理由，以便在飞行安全计划和评估中使用。

设计/方法/方法

在航空领域，尽管飞机的初始和持续适航性与技术适航性有关，但为避免损失和损害而确定和最小化风险与运营适航性有关。因此，通过层次分析法和网络分析法将民航和民航的适航性因素作为技术和运行适航性因素进行了评估。在飞行安全方面，对民用航空制定了三项技术和五项运行适航性标准，对军用航空制定了三项技术和九项运行适航性标准，并对其进行了优先排序和比较。

发现

最重要的技术因素是民用航空（81.9％）和军用航空（77.6％）中的“飞机适航状态”，这意味着飞机最初应设计用于安全性。最重要的运行因素是民用航空的“空中交通管制系统”（占30.9％）和军用航空的“威胁”（占26.6％）。系数权重之内的差异可能源于设计要求和可接受的安全级别（军事频率为10 ⁷的发生频率和10 ⁹十分之一的发生频率）民用航空器设计中的民用和军用飞机，其任务达到民用和军用航空运营的要求。民用和军用飞机的损坏接受标准不同。作战风险在军队中被接受，并且在接受特定任务时，风险水平会因飞机的目的和类型而异。

实际影响

这项研究为航空活动中的安全计划和评估提供了可接受的理由。这项研究的结果可用于航空业的实际适航应用和安全管理中，此外，在民用和军用航空运营和飞行中均应考虑关键因素权重。可以计算出与我们的适航因素权重有关的航空公司安全级别或军事行动的安全级别。

创意/价值

这是首次将技术和运营适航性因素视为MCDM问题的研究。本文的独创性和价值是定义民用航空和军用航空的关键适航因素，对这些因素进行排名，揭示最重要的因素，并首次使用MCDM方法进行适航因素评估。在民航中，飞行安全是适航性活动的基本宗旨，是进行风险分析的另一方面，而在军用航空中，应避免在和平训练或作战任务中避免高风险。但是，如果作战要求强加，即使在战争期间也必须接受高风险，因为完成任务至关重要。该论文是对飞行安全性进行适航性评估的一种。