Atherosclerosis is the most prevalent cause of cardiovascular disease-induced deaths worldwide. Micro- and nano-bubbles (MNBs) have been developed as the vehicles for detection, investigation, and drug delivery, specifically targeting atherosclerotic sites. MNBs have been clinically applied and commercialized as contrast agents because they typically respond to ultrasound for guiding and stimulating imaging. The assembly process involves some specific substrates (proteins, lipids, and polymers) to adjust their characteristics and depends upon rational designs for combined therapeutic-diagnostic (theranostic) applications. Ancillary surface modifications of MNBs enable the unification of MNBs with antibody, inflammatory markers, or genes to more specifically deliver cargos to the oxidized lipid-rich quarry area and release the payloads on demand to the lesion site. This review provides brief information on the process of fabricating MNBs and their applications in bio-nanomedicine for diagnosing and remodeling atherosclerosis.

中文翻译：

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用于动脉粥样硬化应用的微泡和纳米泡的最新进展。

动脉粥样硬化是全世界由心血管疾病引起的死亡的最普遍原因。微气泡和纳米气泡（MNB）已被开发为检测，研究和药物输送的工具，特别是针对动脉粥样硬化部位。MNB已被临床应用并作为造影剂商业化，因为它们通常会响应超声以引导和刺激成像。组装过程涉及一些特定的底物（蛋白质，脂质和聚合物），以调整其特性，并取决于合理的设计以用于组合的治疗诊断（热疗）应用。MNB的辅助表面修饰可以使MNB与抗体，炎症标记物，或基因，将货物更具体地运送到氧化的富含脂质的采石场，并按需将有效载荷释放到病变部位。这篇综述提供了有关制造MNB的过程及其在生物纳米医学中用于诊断和重塑动脉粥样硬化的简要信息。