Biomonitoring of xenobiotics has been performed for many years in occupational and environmental medicine. It has revealed hidden exposures and the exposure of workers could be reduced. Although most of the toxic effects of chemicals on humans were discovered in workers, the scientific community has more recently focused on environmental samples. In several countries, urinary and blood samples have been collected and analyzed for xenobiotics. Health, biochemical, and clinical parameters were measured in the biomonitoring program of the Unites States. The data were collected and evaluated as group values, comparing races, ages, and gender. The term exposome was created in order to relate chemical exposure to health effects together with the terms genome, proteome, and transcriptome. Internal exposures were mostly established with snapshot measurements, which can lead to an obvious misclassification of the individual exposures. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of xenobiotics reflect the exposure of a larger time frame, up to 120 days. It is likely that only a small fraction of xenobiotics form such adducts. In addition, adduct analyses are more work intensive than the measurement of xenobiotics and metabolites in urine and/or blood. New technology, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, will enable the discovery of new compounds that have been overlooked in the past, since over 300,000 chemicals are commercially available and most likely also present in the environment. Yet, quantification will be challenging, as it was for the older methods. At this stage, determination of a lifetime internal exposome is very unrealistic. Instead of an experimental approach with a large number of people, which is economically and scientifically not feasible, in silico methods should be developed further to predict exposure, toxicity, and potential health effects of mixtures. The computer models will help to focus internal exposure investigations on smaller groups of people and smaller number of chemicals.

中文翻译：

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提议确定终身内暴露体是否现实？

在职业和环境医学中，异生素的生物监测已经进行了多年。它揭示了隐藏的暴露，可以减少工人的暴露。尽管化学品对人类的大部分毒性影响都是在工人身上发现的，但科学界最近更关注环境样本。一些国家收集了尿液和血液样本并分析了异生物质。在美国的生物监测计划中测量了健康、生化和临床参数。数据被收集并评估为组值，比较种族、年龄和性别。创建术语暴露组是为了将化学暴露对健康影响与术语基因组、蛋白质组和转录组联系起来。内部曝光主要是通过快照测量建立的，这可能导致对单个曝光的明显错误分类。异生素的白蛋白和血红蛋白加合物反映了更长的时间范围，最多 120 天。很可能只有一小部分异生物质形成这种加合物。此外，加合物分析比测量尿液和/或血液中的异生物质和代谢物需要更多的工作。新技术，如高分辨率质谱，将能够发现过去被忽视的新化合物，因为有超过 300,000 种化学物质可商购，而且很可能也存在于环境中。然而，量化将具有挑战性，就像旧方法一样。在这个阶段，确定终身内部暴露体是非常不现实的。与其采用在经济和科学上都不可行的大量人的实验方法，不如进一步开发计算机模拟方法来预测混合物的暴露、毒性和潜在的健康影响。计算机模型将有助于将内部暴露调查集中在较小的人群和较少数量的化学品上。