One of the most significant cultural transformations in European prehistory occurred in the middle of the 6th millennium BC in the heart of the Carpathian Basin. The northward expansion of Mediterranean farming groups (Starčevo-Körös-Criş cultural complex) halted and underwent a complete transformation giving rise to a new cultural group carrying an altered form of Neolithic traditions onward to Europe. This transformation is restricted to sites along a boundary found in the heart of the basin, north of which unfavorable ecological conditions hampered a long-term engagement in a Mediterranean type of agriculture. The majority of Early Neolithic Körös sites in eastern Hungary are confined to the alluvial plain of the Tisza River prone to natural biannual flooding. These wetland conditions were marginal for early farmers as it contained several elements that were hostile for herded animals and these groups were not adopted to cope with. Körös Culture pastoralists responded to these challenges posed by the new environment by complementing their diet with opportunistically exploited wild resources. This type of resilience of the first farmers seen in the alteration of traditional subsistence strategies was simply attributed to the static hostile conditions of the environment alone. Influence of dynamic changes in the hydrology has not been studied and documented so far. This paper presents a multiproxy archeomalacological approach to establish a mid-Holocene flood record in Southern Central Europe and assess the potential impacts of flood frequencies, climate change-induced higher floods on economic, societal development of the first farming groups from the heart of the Carpathian Basin. Based on our findings, intensified use of second-line subsistence resources marking resilience is coeval with intensified flooding during the second phase of cultural evolution preceding transformation. This marked transformation could have been traced regionally as well along the referred northern distribution line and is coeval with the initial phase of a minor climatic perturbation refered to as the IRD 5.b event. The southward expansion of cold waters in the North Atlantic yielded intensive cyclonic activity bringing more rain and cold weather to W Europe. In Hungary, higher continentality provided by the basin setting preserved warmer conditions. Nevertheless, increased rainfall onto the watershed of major rivers triggered heightened floods.

中文翻译：

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考古岩石学数据和喀尔巴阡盆地第一批农业群体的复原力记录了全新世中期洪灾的加剧

欧洲史前最重大的文化变革之一发生在公元前6世纪中叶喀尔巴阡盆地中心。地中海农业集团（Starčevo-Körös-Criş文化建筑群）的北扩停止并进行了彻底的转型，从而产生了一个新文化集团，将新石器时代的传统形式改变到欧洲。这种转变仅限于沿盆地中心发现的边界地区，而北部的不利生态条件阻碍了该地区长期从事地中海式农业。匈牙利东部的大多数新石器时代早期Körös遗址都局限于Tisza河冲积平原上，容易发生自然两年一次的洪水。这些湿地条件对早期农民来说是微不足道的，因为它包含了一些对放牧动物不利的因素，而这些群体并未被采用。Körös文化的牧民通过以机会主义方式开发的野生资源补充饮食来应对新环境带来的挑战。在传统的生存策略的改变中发现的第一批农民的这种抵御能力仅归因于环境的静态敌对条件。到目前为止，尚未研究和记录动态变化对水文的影响。本文介绍了一种多代理考古法，旨在建立中欧南部全新世中期的洪灾记录，并评估洪水频率，气候变化引发的更高洪灾对经济，喀尔巴阡盆地中心地区最早的农业群体的社会发展。根据我们的发现，在转变之前的文化演化的第二阶段，大量使用具有抗灾能力的二线生存资源与洪水泛滥的时代同时发生。这种明显的转变本来可以在所提到的北部分布线的区域内追踪到，并且与轻微的气候扰动的初始阶段（称为IRD 5.b事件）同时发生。北大西洋的冷水向南扩展，产生了强烈的气旋活动，给W W带来了更多的降雨和寒冷天气。在匈牙利，流域环境所提供的更高的大陆性保留了更温暖的条件。然而，主要河流流域的降雨增加引发洪水泛滥。