When facing an unsolvable problem, dogs exhibit spontaneous human-oriented behaviours (e.g. looking at the human partner, gaze alternations between the human and the target) sooner and for longer than domestic cats and hand-raised wolves. These behaviours have been interpreted as interspecific communicative acts aimed to initiate interaction. Here, we compare the emergence of human-oriented behaviours (e.g. orientation towards humans, orientation alternations, vocalizations) in similarly raised family dogs and miniature pigs utilising an unsolvable task paradigm which consists of Baseline (no task), Solvable and Unsolvable phases. Relative to the Baseline phase in which both species showed human-oriented behaviours to a similar extent, during the Unsolvable phase dogs showed more and pigs showed less such behaviours. Species-predispositions in communicative behaviour may explain why dogs have a higher inclination than pigs to initiate interspecific interactions with humans in problem-solving contexts.

当遇到无法解决的问题时，狗会表现出自发的以人为本的行为（例如，看着人类伴侣，注视着人与目标的交替）比家猫和人工饲养的狼要早得多。这些行为已被解释为旨在引发相互作用的种间交流行为。在这里，我们比较了人类养成的行为（例如，对人的取向，取向的交替，发声）的出现，它们利用了由基线（无任务），可解决和不可解决阶段组成的不可解决任务范式在类似养的家犬和小型猪中出现。相对于基线阶段，在这两个物种中，人类都表现出类似的人类行为，在不可解决阶段，狗表现出更多的行为而猪表现出较少的行为。