Megafauna species are intrinsically vulnerable to human impact. Freshwater megafauna, i.e. freshwater animals ≥ 30 kg, including fishes, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, are subject to intensive and increasing threats, with 34 species listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. IUCN Red List assessments are an important basis for conservation actions but remain incomplete for 49 (24%) freshwater megafauna species. Consequently, the window of opportunity for protecting these species could be missed. Identifying the factors that predispose freshwater megafauna to extinction can help predict their extinction risk and facilitate more effective and proactive conservation actions. Thus, we collated eight life-history traits for 206 freshwater megafauna species. We used generalized linear mixed models to examine the relationships between extinction risk measured as the IUCN Red List categories and the combined effect of multiple traits, as well as the influence of human impact on these relationships, for 157 classified species. The most parsimonious model included human impact and traits related to species' recovery potential including lifespan, age at maturity, and fecundity. Applying the most parsimonious model to 49 unclassified species predicted that 17 of them are threatened. Accounting for model predictions together with IUCN Red List assessments, 50% of all freshwater megafauna species are considered as threatened. The Amazon and Yangtze basins emerged as global diversity hotspots of threatened freshwater megafauna, in addition to existing hotspots including the Ganges-Brahmaputra, Congo, and Mekong basins and the Caspian Sea region. Assessment and monitoring of those freshwater megafauna species predicted as threatened are needed, especially in the Amazon and Yangtze basins. Investigation of life-history traits and trends in population and distribution, regulation of overexploitation, maintaining river connectivity, implementing protected areas focusing on freshwater ecosystems, and integrated basin management are required to protect threatened freshwater megafauna in diversity hotspots. Article Impact Statement: Life-history traits and human impact jointly determine extinction risk of freshwater megafauna. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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生活史特征和人类对淡水巨型动物灭绝风险的综合影响

巨型动物物种本质上容易受到人类影响。淡水巨型动物，即体重 ≥ 30 kg 的淡水动物，包括鱼类、哺乳动物、爬行动物和两栖动物，受到越来越严重的威胁，其中 34 种物种被 IUCN 红色名录列为极危物种。IUCN 红色名录评估是保护行动的重要基础，但对 49 (24%) 种淡水巨型动物物种而言仍然不完整。因此，可能会错过保护这些物种的机会之窗。确定导致淡水巨型动物灭绝的因素有助于预测它们的灭绝风险，并促进更有效和更积极的保护行动。因此，我们整理了 206 个淡水巨型动物物种的八个生活史特征。我们使用广义线性混合模型来检查 IUCN 红色名录类别衡量的灭绝风险与多个性状的综合影响之间的关系，以及人类对 157 个分类物种的影响对这些关系的影响。最简约的模型包括人类影响和与物种恢复潜力相关的特征，包括寿命、成熟年龄和繁殖力。将最简约的模型应用于 49 种未分类的物种，预测其中 17 种受到威胁。考虑到模型预测和 IUCN 红色名录评估，所有淡水巨型动物物种中有 50% 被视为受到威胁。除了恒河-雅鲁藏布江、刚果、湄公河盆地和里海地区。需要对预测为受威胁的淡水巨型动物物种进行评估和监测，尤其是在亚马逊和长江流域。需要调查人口和分布的生活史特征和趋势、调节过度开发、保持河流连通性、实施以淡水生态系统为重点的保护区以及综合流域管理，以保护多样性热点地区受威胁的淡水巨型动物。文章影响声明：生活史特征和人类影响共同决定了淡水巨型动物的灭绝风险。本文受版权保护。版权所有。特别是在亚马逊和长江流域。需要调查人口和分布的生活史特征和趋势、调节过度开发、保持河流连通性、实施以淡水生态系统为重点的保护区以及综合流域管理，以保护多样性热点地区受威胁的淡水巨型动物。文章影响声明：生活史特征和人类影响共同决定了淡水巨型动物的灭绝风险。本文受版权保护。版权所有。特别是在亚马逊和长江流域。需要调查人口和分布的生活史特征和趋势、调节过度开发、保持河流连通性、实施以淡水生态系统为重点的保护区以及综合流域管理，以保护多样性热点地区受威胁的淡水巨型动物。文章影响声明：生活史特征和人类影响共同决定了淡水巨型动物的灭绝风险。本文受版权保护。版权所有。需要综合流域管理来保护多样性热点地区受威胁的淡水巨型动物。文章影响声明：生活史特征和人类影响共同决定了淡水巨型动物的灭绝风险。本文受版权保护。版权所有。需要综合流域管理来保护多样性热点地区受威胁的淡水巨型动物。文章影响声明：生活史特征和人类影响共同决定了淡水巨型动物的灭绝风险。本文受版权保护。版权所有。