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How to generalise demonic composition
Semigroup Forum ( IF 0.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-15 , DOI: 10.1007/s00233-020-10117-2
Tim Stokes

Demonic composition is defined on the set of binary relations over the non-empty set X, $$Rel_X$$ , and is a variant of standard or “angelic” composition. It arises naturally in the setting of the theory of non-deterministic computer programs, and shares many of the nice features of ordinary composition (it is associative, and generalises composition of functions). When equipped with the operations of demonic composition and domain, $$Rel_X$$ is a left restriction semigroup (like $$PT_X$$ , the semigroup of partial functions on X), whereas usual composition and domain give a unary semigroup satisfying weaker laws. By viewing $$Rel_X$$ under a restricted version of its usual composition and domain as a constellation (a kind of “one-sided” category), we show how this demonic left restriction semigroup structure arises on $$Rel_X$$ , placing it in a more general context. The construction applies to any unary semigroup with a “domain-like” operation satisfying certain minimal conditions which we identify. In particular it is shown that using the construction, any Baer $$*$$ -semigroup S can be given a left restriction semigroup structure which is even an inverse semigroup if S is $$*$$ -regular. It follows that the semigroup of $$n\times n$$ matrices over the real or complex numbers is an inverse semigroup with respect to a modified notion of product that almost always agrees with the usual matrix product, and in which inverse is pseudoinverse (Moore–Penrose inverse).

中文翻译:

如何概括恶魔成分

恶魔合成定义在非空集合 X 上的二元关系集合 $$Rel_X$$ 上,并且是标准或“天使”合成的变体。它自然出现在非确定性计算机程序理论的环境中,并具有普通组合的许多优点(它是关联的,并且概括了函数的组合)。当配备恶魔合成和域的操作时,$$Rel_X$$ 是一个左限制半群(如 $$PT_X$$ ,X 上偏函数的半群),而通常的合成和域给出一个满足弱律的一元半群. 通过将 $$Rel_X$$ 在其通常组成和域的受限版本下视为星座(一种“单边”类别),我们展示了这种恶魔般的左限制半群结构是如何在 $$Rel_X$$ 上出现的,把它放在一个更一般的环境中。该构造适用于具有满足我们确定的某些最小条件的“类域”操作的任何一元半群。特别是它表明,使用该构造,任何 Baer $$*$$ -semigroup S 都可以被赋予左限制半群结构,如果 S 是 $$*$$ -regular,它甚至是一个逆半群。因此,实数或复数上的 $$n\times n$$ 矩阵的半群是相对于修改后的乘积概念的逆半群,该乘积几乎总是与通常的矩阵乘积一致,其中逆是伪逆(摩尔-彭罗斯逆)。任何 Baer $$*$$ -semigroup S 都可以给出一个左限制半群结构,如果 S 是 $$*$$ -regular,它甚至是一个逆半群。因此,实数或复数上的 $$n\times n$$ 矩阵的半群是相对于修改后的乘积概念的逆半群,该乘积几乎总是与通常的矩阵乘积一致,其中逆是伪逆(摩尔-彭罗斯逆)。任何 Baer $$*$$ -semigroup S 都可以给出一个左限制半群结构,如果 S 是 $$*$$ -regular,它甚至是一个逆半群。因此,实数或复数上的 $$n\times n$$ 矩阵的半群是相对于修改后的乘积概念的逆半群,该乘积几乎总是与通常的矩阵乘积一致,其中逆是伪逆(摩尔-彭罗斯逆)。
更新日期:2020-07-15
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