The use of pesticides for greenbug, Schizaphis graminum in wheat not only can manage the pest population but also can influence its predator, Coccinella septempunctata. Acute and chronic effects of imidacloprid, clothianidin and sulfoxaflor on S. graminum and its predator, C. septempunctata were investigated. The results showed that LC50 of imidacloprid, clothianidin and sulfoxaflor to S. graminum at 48 h was 9.80, 34.29 and 4.40 ml a.i. L−1, respectively, while LC50 of imidacloprid, clothianidin and sulfoxaflor to C. septempunctata at 48 h was 107.80, 49.52 and 379.26 ml a.i. L−1. Sulfoxaflor and clothianidin were found the most toxic to S. graminum and C. septempunctata, respectively. Tested sublethal doses (LC10 and LC30) of all insecticides had significant effects on percent repellency of both S. graminum and C. septempunctata. Sulfoxaflor and clothianidin proved the most repellent to S. graminum (67.00 ± 2.03% at LC10 and 86.20 ± 1.62% at LC30) and C. septempunctata (50.60 ± 2.81% at LC10 and 60.00 ± 3.26% at LC30), respectively. Sublethal doses also demonstrated significant and the lowest percentage reduction in feeding by C. septempunctata on S. graminum in sulfoxaflor treatment (LC10: 4.13 ± 0.61%; LC30: 5.26 ± 0.69%). Additionally, sublethal doses reduced body-weight of C. septempunctata adults emerged from its treated grubs. These results revealed that sublethal doses of sulfoxaflor, imidacloprid and clothianidin negatively affected the biological activities of S. graminum and C. septempunctata as compared to control. Hence it can be concluded that more attention should be paid towards strategic application of these chemicals as a part of an integrated pest management program for an agro-ecosystem exhibiting maximum activity of coccinelid-predators. Overall, sulfoxaflor proved more appropriate for use against S. graminum in C. septempunctata manipulated agro-ecosystem. However, C. septempunctata compatible integration-strategy for field-application of sulfoxaflor should be devised to enhance its effectiveness against S. graminum and selectivity against C. septempunctata.

中文翻译：

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噻虫胺、吡虫啉和嘧啶虫胺对小麦蚜虫、禾本科（半翅目：蚜科）及其瓢虫捕食者七星瓢虫的致死和亚致死作用

对小麦中的禾本科绿蚧使用杀虫剂不仅可以控制害虫种群，还可以影响其捕食者七星瓢虫。研究了吡虫啉、噻虫胺和氟啶虫胺对禾本科及其捕食者 C. septempunctata 的急性和慢性影响。结果表明，吡虫啉、噻虫胺和嘧菌胺在48 h对禾本科的LC50分别为9.80、34.29和4.40 ml ai L−1，而吡虫啉、噻虫胺和嘧菌胺对七叶草的LC50为48.801。 49.52 和 379.26 ml ai L-1。发现磺胺嘧啶和噻虫胺分别对 S. graminum 和 C. septempunctata 的毒性最大。所有杀虫剂的测试亚致死剂量（LC10 和 LC30）对禾本科和七星瓢虫的驱虫率都有显着影响。磺胺嘧啶和噻虫胺被证明对禾本科（LC10 时为 67.00 ± 2.03%，LC30 时为 86.20 ± 1.62%）和七叶草（LC10 时为 50.60 ± 2.81%，LC10 时为 60.203%，LC 时为 30.260% ± 3.03%）的驱避剂最 亚致死剂量还表明，在氟啶虫胺处理中，七叶蚧对禾本科的摄食显着降低，且百分比最低（LC10：4.13 ± 0.61%；LC30：5.26 ± 0.69%）。此外，亚致死剂量降低了从其处理过的幼虫中出现的 C. septempunctata 成虫的体重。这些结果表明，与对照相比，亚致死剂量的氟啶虫胺、吡虫啉和噻虫胺对禾本科和七星瓢虫的生物活性有负面影响。因此可以得出的结论是，应更多地关注这些化学品的战略应用，作为综合虫害管理计划的一部分，以展示瓢虫捕食者的最大活动。总体而言，氟啶虫胺被证明更适合用于对抗 C. septempunctata 操纵的农业生态系统中的禾本科 S. graminum。然而，应设计与 C. septempunctata 相容的用于田间应用的综合策略，以提高其对 S. graminum 的有效性和对 C. septempunctata 的选择性。