This study aims to report the short-term coastline dynamics and inundation limits of coastal cities along the Eastern Pacific due to the sea swell events that occurred during April to May 2015. The multi-temporal satellite datasets from Landsat such as Enhanced Thematic Mapper (L7 ETM+) and Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (L8 OLI/TIRS) of different periods before and after the swell events were used to identify the shoreline changes. The satellite images were pre-processed using ERDAS imagine 9.2, and the coastline was digitized in ArcGIS 10.4.1 for ten cities spread across from Mexico to Chile (in Pacific coast) using the spectral water indices, and the shoreline change rate and erosion/accretion pattern at each transect were estimated using the statistical parameters embedded in Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The maximum erosion and accretion were observed in El Salvador (268 m) and Huatulco (Mexico) (115 m), respectively. Likewise, the maximum inundation was observed in El Salvador with 268 m and Acapulco (Mexico) with 254 m, and the tide gauge data suggest a possible relation to the bathymetry and the geomorphological conditions of the coast. Overall, the results indicate that the Eastern Pacific Ocean side sea swell events has led to extreme coastal flooding in recent years due to the increase in the mean sea level and the unpredictable variation in El Niño/Southern Oscillation events.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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由于2015年异常的“海浪”事件，拉丁美洲和太平洋沿岸几个城市的海岸线变化。

这项研究旨在报告由于2015年4月至2015年5月发生的海浪事件而导致东太平洋沿岸沿海城市的短期海岸线动态和淹没极限。 ETM +）和涌浪事件前后不同时期的可操作地面成像仪/热红外传感器（L8 OLI / TIRS）用于识别海岸线变化。使用ERDASimaging 9.2对卫星图像进行了预处理，并在ArcGIS 10.4.1中使用了光谱水指数，海岸线变化率和侵蚀/使用数字海岸线分析系统（DSAS）中嵌入的统计参数估计每个样点的吸积模式。在萨尔瓦多（268 m）和瓦图尔科（墨西哥）（115 m）分别观察到最大的侵蚀和增生。同样，在萨尔瓦多（268 m）和阿卡普尔科（墨西哥）（254 m）观察到最大的淹没，潮汐仪数据暗示了与海岸的测深仪和地貌条件的可能关系。总体而言，结果表明，由于平均海平面上升以及厄尔尼诺/南方涛动事件的不可预测变化，东太平洋近海端的海浪事件近年来导致了极端的沿海洪灾。潮汐仪数据表明可能与海岸的测深法和地貌条件有关。总体而言，结果表明，由于平均海平面上升以及厄尔尼诺/南方涛动事件的不可预测变化，东太平洋近海端的海浪事件近年来导致了极端的沿海洪灾。潮汐仪数据表明可能与海岸的测深法和地貌条件有关。总体而言，结果表明，由于平均海平面上升以及厄尔尼诺/南方涛动事件的不可预测变化，东太平洋近海端的海浪事件近年来导致了极端的沿海洪灾。

图形概要