Adult tissue-derived organoids allow for the expansion and maintenance of primary epithelial cells in a near-native state. These 3D and self-organizing organotypic cultures derived from adult tissues have been increasingly used in fundamental and translational research. A key feature of this organoid system is that it recapitulates the stem cell lineage and thus, the differentiated cell-type heterogeneity of the in vivo tissue of origin. Importantly, we and others have shown that organoids can be manipulated to expand different cell lineages, allowing for the study of rare cell types that would otherwise be very difficult to analyze. Here, focusing specifically on organoids of the small intestine, we discuss recent advances and future directions of this new avenue of organoid research. We highlight methods used to enrich specific cell types including stem cells, enterocytes, Paneth cells, goblet cells, micro-fold (M)-cells, tuft cells, and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in intestinal organoids and focus on what each of these methods has taught us about the differentiation of adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to specific cell fates. Furthermore, we highlight how these new cell type-enriched intestinal organoids can be used to answer a diversity of questions relevant to human biology and disease.

中文翻译：

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肠道类器官作为丰富和研究特定和稀有细胞类型的工具：进展和未来方向。

成人组织衍生的类器官允许原代上皮细胞在接近天然的状态下扩增和维持。这些源自成人组织的 3D 和自组织器官型培养物已越来越多地用于基础和转化研究。这种类器官系统的一个关键特征是它概括了干细胞谱系，因此，体内分化的细胞类型异质性起源组织。重要的是，我们和其他人已经表明，可以操纵类器官来扩展不同的细胞谱系，从而可以研究很难分析的稀有细胞类型。在这里，我们特别关注小肠类器官，讨论了这一类器官研究新途径的最新进展和未来方向。我们重点介绍了用于丰富肠道类器官中特定细胞类型的方法，包括干细胞、肠细胞、潘氏细胞、杯状细胞、微折叠 (M) 细胞、簇状细胞和肠内分泌细胞 (EEC)，并重点介绍这些方法中的每一种教会了我们成人肠道干细胞 (ISC) 向特定细胞命运的分化。此外，