Introduced Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush threaten native Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri in Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, where gill nets have been used to suppress subadult and adult Lake Trout since 1995. However, survival of embryonic and larval life history stages can have profound effects on the population dynamics of Lake Trout. Inducing additional mortality at those stages, especially if used in concert with intensive gillnetting of older fish, could enhance overall suppression efforts. Therefore, we conducted controlled field experiments at Yellowstone Lake to systematically evaluate the effects of sediment deposition and ground Lake Trout carcass deposition on Lake Trout embryos in pre‐positioned incubators. Sediment deposition caused dissolved oxygen concentrations to decline below lethal levels for a prolonged overwinter period (92 d). Embryo mortality among overwintering incubators varied from 97.0 ± 5.3% (mean ± SE) at the substrate surface to 100.0 ± 0.0% at 20 cm below the substrate surface. Decomposition of ground carcass material on spawning sites caused dissolved oxygen concentrations to decline to lethal levels (<3.4 mg/L) for about 9 d after biomass application rates of 14 and 28 kg/m² in treatment plots. Exposure to ground carcass material resulted in 100.0 ± 0.0% embryo mortality at the substrate surface and within interstices 20 cm below the surface in 14‐ and 28‐kg/m² biomass treatments. Embryo mortality was probably caused by hypoxic conditions within substrates in both experiments. The deposition of sediment and ground Lake Trout carcass material on Lake Trout spawning sites in Yellowstone Lake could provide an additional source of mortality in ongoing Lake Trout suppression efforts. These methods may also be beneficial in other systems when incorporated in an integrated pest management approach targeting multiple life history stages of invasive freshwater fish.

中文翻译：

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黄石湖鱼类尸体的底栖窒息性鱼类尸体窒息和沉积

引入鳟鱼Salvelinus namaycush威胁当地的黄石残酷鳟鱼Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri自1995年以来，黄石国家公园的黄石湖就曾使用刺网抑制鳟鱼和成年鳟鱼。然而，胚胎和幼虫生活史阶段的生存可能对鳟鱼的种群动态产生深远的影响。在这些阶段增加死亡率，特别是如果与年长的鱼类刺网一起使用，可能会增加总体抑制工作。因此，我们在黄石湖进行了野外控制实验，系统地评估了沉积物沉积和鳟鱼ground体地面沉积对预置培养箱中鳟鱼湖胚胎的影响。沉积物的沉积导致溶解氧浓度降低至致命水平以下，从而延长了整个冬季（92天）。越冬孵化器的胚胎死亡率为97.0±5。基材表面的3％（平均值±SE）达到基材表面以下20 cm处的100.0±0.0％。在生物量施用量为14和28 kg / m后约9 d内，分解的ground体材料在产卵场上分解，导致溶解氧浓度下降至致死水平（<3.4 mg / L）。²在治疗地块。在14kg / m ²和28kg / m ^2的生物量处理中，暴露于地面car体材料会导致底物表面和低于表面20 cm的空隙内的胚胎死亡率达到100.0±0.0％。在两个实验中，胚胎死亡可能是由于基质内的低氧条件引起的。在黄石湖特劳特湖产卵地点沉积的沉积物和特劳特湖尸体地面物质可能为正在进行的鳟鱼镇压工作提供额外的死亡率来源。当将这些方法结合到针对侵入性淡水鱼的多个生活史阶段的综合害虫管理方法中时，这些方法在其他系统中也可能是有益的。