The evolutionary consequences of individual genetic diversity are frequently studied by assessing heterozygosity–fitness correlations (HFCs). The prevalence of positive and negative HFCs and the predominance of general versus local effects in wild populations are far from understood, partly because comprehensive studies testing for both inbreeding and outbreeding depression are lacking. We studied a genetically diverse population of blue tits in southern Germany using a genome‐wide set of 87 microsatellites to investigate the relationship between proxies of reproductive success and measures of multilocus and single‐locus individual heterozygosity (MLH and SLH). We used complimentary measures of MLH and partitioned markers into functional categories according to their position in the blue tit genome. HFCs based on MLH were consistently negative for functional loci, whereas correlations were rather inconsistent for loci found in nonfunctional areas of the genome. Clutch size was the only reproductive variable showing a general effect. We found evidence for local effects for three measures of reproductive success: arrival date at the breeding site, the probability of breeding at the study site and male reproductive success. For these, we observed consistent, and relatively strong, negative effects at one functional locus. Remarkably, this marker had a similar effect in another blue tit population from Austria (~400 km to the east). We suggest that a genetic local effect on timing of arrival might be responsible for most negative HFCs detected, with carry‐over effects on other reproductive traits. This effect could reflect individual differences in the distance between overwintering areas and breeding sites.

中文翻译：

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个体杂合性对野生鸟类种群繁殖成功的负面影响。

经常通过评估杂合性-适应性相关性（HFC）来研究个体遗传多样性的进化结果。对野生人群中正，负氢氟碳化合物的流行率以及普遍性与局部性影响的优势还远未了解，部分原因是缺乏对近亲繁殖和近亲沮丧的综合研究测试。我们使用全基因组的87个微卫星研究了德国南部的一个遗传多样的蓝山雀种群，以研究生殖成功代理与多基因座和单基因座个体杂合度（MLH和SLH）的度量之间的关系。我们根据其在蓝山雀基因组中的位置，对MLH进行了补充测量并将标记分为功能类别。基于MLH的HFC始终对功能基因座呈阴性，而对于在基因组非功能区中发现的基因座而言，相关性却相当不一致。离合器的大小是唯一显示一般效果的生殖变量。我们发现了对生殖成功的三种测量方法具有局部影响的证据：到达繁殖地点的日期，在研究地点繁殖的可能性和雄性繁殖成功。对于这些，我们在一个功能位点观察到一致且相对较强的负面影响。值得注意的是，这种标记在另一个来自奥地利（东约400公里）的蓝山雀种群中也有类似的作用。我们建议对到达时间的遗传局部影响可能是检测到的大多数阴性氢氟碳化合物的原因，对其他生殖性状有残留影响。