Accidental intoxications from environmental pollutants, as well as intentional self‐ and chemical warfare‐related poisonings affect millions of people worldwide each year. While many toxic agents can readily enter the central nervous system (CNS), the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) prevents the brain uptake of most pharmaceuticals. Consequently, poisoning antidotes usually cannot reach their site of action in the CNS in therapeutically relevant concentrations, and thus only provide effective protection to the peripheral nervous system. This limitation can be overcome by encapsulating the antidotes in nanoparticles (NP), which can enhance their CNS accumulation without damaging the integrity of the BBB. Among nanocarriers, polymer‐based drug delivery systems exhibit remarkable benefits, such as bioavailability, cell uptake and tissue retention. Furthermore, due to their capacity to mask unfavorable physicochemical properties of cargo drugs, polymeric NPs were able to improve BBB transport of various pharmaceuticals. However, while polymer NP‐mediated treatment of various pathological brain conditions, such as glioma and Alzheimer's disease were exhaustively studied, the application of polymeric nanocarriers for brain‐targeted delivery of antidote molecules has not been adequately examined. To display its therapeutic potential, we review the state of the art of polymer NP‐assisted CNS delivery of antidotes for various poisonings, including heavy metal and organophosphorus intoxications.

中文翻译：

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聚合物纳米颗粒对解毒剂的大脑递送。

环境污染物造成的意外中毒，以及与自体战和化学战相关的蓄意中毒每年影响着全世界数百万人。虽然许多有毒物质很容易进入中枢神经系统 (CNS)，但血脑屏障 (BBB) 会阻止大多数药物的大脑摄取。因此，中毒解毒剂通常不能以治疗相关的浓度到达其在 CNS 中的作用部位，因此只能对周围神经系统提供有效保护。这种限制可以通过将解毒剂封装在纳米粒子 (NP) 中来克服，这可以增强它们的 CNS 积累而不破坏 BBB 的完整性。在纳米载体中，基于聚合物的药物递送系统表现出显着的优势，例如生物利用度、细胞摄取和组织保留。此外，由于它们能够掩盖货物药物不利的理化性质，聚合物纳米颗粒能够改善各种药物的 BBB 运输。然而，虽然对聚合物 NP 介导的各种病理性脑病（如神经胶质瘤和阿尔茨海默病）的治疗进行了详尽的研究，但尚未充分研究聚合物纳米载体在脑靶向递送解毒剂分子中的应用。为了展示其治疗潜力，我们回顾了聚合物 NP 辅助中枢神经系统递送解毒剂治疗各种中毒（包括重金属和有机磷中毒）的最新技术水平。虽然对聚合物 NP 介导的各种病理性脑病（如神经胶质瘤和阿尔茨海默病）的治疗进行了详尽的研究，但尚未充分研究聚合物纳米载体在脑靶向递送解毒剂分子中的应用。为了展示其治疗潜力，我们回顾了聚合物 NP 辅助中枢神经系统递送解毒剂治疗各种中毒（包括重金属和有机磷中毒）的最新技术水平。虽然对聚合物 NP 介导的各种病理性脑病（如神经胶质瘤和阿尔茨海默病）的治疗进行了详尽的研究，但尚未充分研究聚合物纳米载体在脑靶向递送解毒剂分子中的应用。为了展示其治疗潜力，我们回顾了聚合物 NP 辅助中枢神经系统递送解毒剂治疗各种中毒（包括重金属和有机磷中毒）的最新技术水平。