Abstract

Marine sponges are prolific producers of an array of diverse chemical structures containing compounds with multiple biological activities. In this study, whole methanol extracts and fractionated compounds from three marine sponges namely Xestospongia carbonaria, Sarcotragus foetidus and Spongia obscura were thoroughly investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Methanol extracts and fractionated compounds were characterised using high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Extracts were checked for cytotoxicity in RAW macrophages by MTT assay, before using them for the treatment study. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits were used to check the effects on inflammatory mediator’s levels (PGE₂, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in vitro. The results demonstrated good anti-inflammatory activity of all the three marine sponges; X. carbonaria, S. foetidus and S. obscura suppressed the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the inhibition of IL-1β and IL-6 genes expression by the isolates of X. carbonaria and S. foetidus, while reducing cytokine levels in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro as well as in carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. Two semi pure compounds isolated from X. carbonaria and S. foetidus also confirmed suppression of IL-1β and IL-6 genes expression in RAW macrophages.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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海洋海绵Sarcotragus foetidus，Xestospongia carbonaria和海绵状海绵体成分改善了脂多糖诱导的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞和角叉菜胶诱导的水肿中的IL-1β和IL-6。

摘要

海洋海绵是多种多样的化学结构的多产者，这些化学结构包含具有多种生物活性的化合物。在这项研究中，从三个海洋海绵，即炭疽菌，嗜油菌和暗藏的海绵中提取全部甲醇，并分离出化合物。对它们的抗菌，抗真菌，抗氧化和抗炎活性进行了彻底研究。使用高效液相色谱-质谱和气相色谱-质谱对甲醇提取物和分离的化合物进行表征。在将提取物用于治疗研究之前，通过MTT分析检查了提取物在RAW巨噬细胞中的细胞毒性。使用酶联免疫吸附测定试剂盒检查体外对炎症介质水平（PGE ₂，COX-2，IL-6，IL-1β，TNF-α）的影响。结果表明，所有三种海洋海绵均具有良好的抗炎活性。X. carbonaria，S。foetidus和S.obscura在体外抑制了抗炎细胞因子的水平。逆转录酶-聚合酶链反应证实了X.carbonaria和S.foetidus分离株对IL-1β和IL-6基因表达的抑制，同时降低了脂多糖诱导的炎症和角叉菜胶诱导的炎症中的细胞因子水平。在大鼠中。从X. carbonaria和S. foetidus分离的两种半纯化合物也证实抑制了RAW巨噬细胞中IL-1β和IL-6基因的表达。

图形摘要