Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an intricate molecular and biochemical process principally based on cellular totipotency and a model in studying plant development. In this unique embryo-forming process, the vegetative cells acquire embryogenic competence under cellular stress conditions. The stress caused by plant growth regulators (PGRs), nutrient, oxygenic, or other signaling elements makes cellular reprogramming and transforms vegetative cells into embryos through activation/deactivation of a myriad of genes and transcriptional networks. Hundreds of genes have been directly linked to zygotic and somatic embryogeneses; some of them like SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK), LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC), BABYBOOM (BBM), and AGAMOUS-LIKE 15 (AGL15) are very important and are part of molecular network. This article reviews various genes/orthologs isolated from different plants; encoded proteins and their possible role in regulating somatic embryogenesis of plants have been discussed. The role of SERK in regulating embryogenesis is also summarized. Different SE-related proteins identified through LC–MS at various stages of embryogenesis are also described; a few proteins like 14-3-3, chitinase, and LEA are used as potential SE markers. These networks are interconnected in a complicated manner, posing challenges for their complete elucidation. The various gene networks and factors controlling somatic embryogenesis have been discussed and presented. The roles of stress, PGRs, and other signaling elements have been discussed. In the last two-to-three decades’ progress, the challenges ahead and its future applications in various fields of research have been highlighted. The review also presents the need of high throughput, innovative techniques, and sensitive instruments in unraveling the mystery of SE.

中文翻译：

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调节植物体胚发生的基因，蛋白质和其他网络。

体细胞胚发生（SE）是一个复杂的分子和生化过程，主要基于细胞全能性和研究植物发育的模型。在这种独特的胚胎形成过程中，营养细胞在细胞应激条件下获得了胚胎发生能力。由植物生长调节剂（PGR），营养素，氧气或其他信号元素引起的压力使细胞重新编程，并通过多种基因和转录网络的激活/失活将营养细胞转化为胚胎。数百个基因已直接与合子和体细胞胚发生相关。它们中的一些非常重要，并且是分子网络的一部分，例如体细胞胚性受体激酶（SERK），叶CO子（LEC），BABYBOOM（BBM）和AGAMOUS-LIKE 15（AGL15）。本文综述了从不同植物中分离出来的各种基因/直向同源物；已经讨论了编码的蛋白及其在调节植物体胚发生中的可能作用。还概述了SERK在调节胚胎发生中的作用。还描述了通过LC-MS在胚胎发生的各个阶段鉴定出的与SE相关的不同蛋白质；诸如14-3-3，几丁质酶和LEA的一些蛋白质可用作潜在的SE标记。这些网络以复杂的方式相互连接，对它们的完整阐明提出了挑战。已经讨论并介绍了控制体细胞胚发生的各种基因网络和因素。已经讨论了压力，PGR和其他信号传导元件的作用。在过去的两到三十年中，强调了未来的挑战及其在各个研究领域中的未来应用。该评论还提出了高吞吐量，创新技术和敏感仪器的需求，以揭示SE的奥秘。