Abstract Few continental palaeoenvironmental sedimentary sequences from Southern Europe are long enough to span the last interglacial period (Marine Isotopic Stage-MIS 5), the last glacial cycle (MIS 4 to 2) and the Holocene. El Canizar de Villarquemado (North-Eastern Iberian Peninsula) is an exceptional sedimentary lacustrine sequence spanning the last ca. 135,000 years of environmental change in an area of inland Iberia characterized by Mediterranean climate with strong continentality. We present a multiproxy study which combines palynological, sedimentological and geochemical analyses framed by an independent, robust chronology. Hydrological and climate evolutions were reconstructed by sedimentological and geochemical proxies. Development of wetlands and shallow carbonate lakes support relatively humid conditions during MIS 6, till the onset of MIS 4, and during the Holocene. Palaeohydrological conditions were drier during MIS 5 (dominance of peat environments) than during the Holocene (more frequent carbonate-producing lakes). Sedimentological evidence indicates extremely arid conditions during MIS 3 with greater activity of alluvial fans prograding into the basin. Sedimentary facies variability highlights a large environmental and hydrological variability during MIS 2 and a rapid humidity response to the onset of the Holocene. Compared to classic Mediterranean sites, we found novel pollen assemblages for the end of MIS 6 and MIS 5 indicating that the vegetation cover was essentially represented by sustained high proportions of continentality-adapted taxa dominated by Juniperus during the relatively humid conditions since MIS 6 till the onset of MIS 4. Higher evapotranspiration in inland Iberia would have increased during periods of higher seasonal insolation maxima, impeding soil development and the usual mesophyte expansion during interglacials observed in other Mediterranean areas. Four main periods of forest development occurred in Villarquemado during MIS 5e, MIS 5c, MIS 5a and the Holocene; secondary peaks occurred also during MIS 3. During colder but still relatively humid MIS 4, junipers and Mediterranean taxa disappear but some mesophytes and cold-tolerant species persisted and Pinus became the dominant tree up to modern times. Pollen assemblages and geochemical data variability suggest a dominant control of seasonality and the impact of North Atlantic dynamics both during MIS 5 (cold events C18-C24) and full glacial conditions (HE and D-O interstadials). At millennial scales, steppe herbaceous assemblages dominated during the extremely arid conditions of MIS 3 and pines and steppe taxa during glacial period MIS 2. Villarquemado sequence demonstrates that the resilient behaviour of conifers in continental areas of inland Southern European regions is key to understand the glacial–interglacial vegetation evolution and to evaluate scenarios for potential impacts of global change.

中文翻译：

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自地中海内陆地区上次间冰期以来，强大的大陆性和有效水分推动了不可预见的植被动态：伊比利亚东北部的比亚克马多序列

摘要 南欧大陆的古环境沉积序列很少能跨越末次间冰期（海洋同位素阶段-MIS 5）、末次冰期（MIS 4-2）和全新世。El Canizar de Villarquemado（伊比利亚半岛东北部）是一个特殊的沉积湖相序列，横跨最后一个约。伊比利亚内陆地区 135,000 年的环境变化，以地中海气候和强烈的大陆性为特征。我们提出了一项多代理研究，该研究结合了孢粉学、沉积学和地球化学分析，并以独立、稳健的年表为框架。水文和气候演变由沉积学和地球化学代理重建。湿地和浅碳酸盐湖的发展支持了 MIS 6 期间相对潮湿的条件，直到 MIS 4 开始，以及全新世期间。MIS 5（泥炭环境占主导地位）期间的古水文条件比全新世（更频繁的碳酸盐生产湖泊）期间干燥。沉积学证据表明在 MIS 3 期间极端干旱的条件下，冲积扇进入盆地的活动更大。沉积相变异性突出了 MIS 2 期间环境和水文的巨大变异性以及对全新世开始的快速湿度响应。与经典的地中海遗址相比，我们在 MIS 6 和 MIS 5 结束时发现了新的花粉组合，表明植被覆盖基本上由持续高比例的大陆性适应类群代表，在自 MIS 6 到 MIS 6 以来相对潮湿的条件下，杜松占主导地位。 MIS 4. 发作 在较高的季节性日照最大值期间，伊比利亚内陆较高的蒸散量会增加，从而阻碍土壤发育和在其他地中海地区观察到的间冰期期间通常的中生植物扩张。在 MIS 5e、MIS 5c、MIS 5a 和全新世期间，Villarquemado 发生了四个主要的森林开发时期；在 MIS 3 期间也出现了次生高峰。在较冷但仍然相对潮湿的 MIS 4 期间，杜松和地中海分类群消失了，但一些中生植物和耐寒物种仍然存在，直到现代，松树成为优势树种。花粉组合和地球化学数据的变异性表明，在 MIS 5（冷事件 C18-C24）和全冰期条件（HE 和 DO 间质）期间，季节性和北大西洋动力学的影响受到主导控制。在千年尺度上，