The main objective of this research was to study the feasibility of using algal and algal-activated sludge systems in treating laundry wastewater. Three different types of systems—green microalgae (system A), diatoms + activated sludge (system B), and green microalgae + activated sludge (system C)—were studied at six different solid retention times (SRT)—6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 days—to evaluate their performance in removal of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), anionic surfactants, and micropollutants with added trace elements. System B showed relatively better performance in removal of TOC (79%) and TN (90%). A total of 64 compounds were detected in influent when analyzed by LC-MS, of which 19 were grouped under herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides, 25 under pharmaceuticals, and 20 under others. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) was detected only in the effluent of system A and was not detected in both system B and system C. Grotan OX, an anti-microbial, was the compound with least removal in all the systems. The bacterial LAS degrader/tolerant plate count in system B at 16-day SRT was 2000 CFU/mL, 50 times more than the plate count of system C (40 CFU/mL). The LAS degrader/tolerant bacterial species identified were Aeromonas caviae and Klebsiella pneumonia in both systems B and C. The LAS degrader/tolerant green microalgae plate count at 16-day SRT was 130 CFU/mL, whereas no LAS degrader/tolerant diatom colonies were observed.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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藻类活性污泥系统中洗衣废水中的微污染物去除：微生物研究

这项研究的主要目的是研究使用藻类和藻类活性污泥系统处理洗衣废水的可行性。在六个不同的固体保留时间（SRT）下研究了三种不同类型的系统-绿藻（系统A），硅藻+活性污泥（系统B）和绿藻+活性污泥（系统C）—6、8、10 ，第12、14和16天，以评估其在去除总有机碳（TOC），总氮（TN），阴离子表面活性剂和添加微量元素的微污染物方面的性能。系统B在去除TOC（79％）和TN（90％）方面显示出相对较好的性能。用LC-MS分析时，在进水口中总共检测到64种化合物，其中19种归为除草剂，农药和杀虫剂，25种归为药物，20种归为其他。线性烷基苯磺酸盐（LAS）仅在系统A的流出物中检测到，而在系统B和系统C中均未检测到。抗菌剂Grotan OX是在所有系统中去除最少的化合物。系统B在16天SRT时细菌LAS降解物/耐受平板计数为2000 CFU / mL，比系统C的平板计数（40 CFU / mL）高50倍。鉴定出的LAS降解物/耐受细菌种类系统B和C中的气孔杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。在第16天的SRT，LAS降解物/耐性绿色微藻板计数为130 CFU / mL，而未观察到LAS降解物/耐性硅藻菌落。

图形概要