Large-scale barriers are a management option for present and increasing coastal storm flooding. The barriers have gates that are open most times except during storms. As an example of the assessment process for a barrier, an integrated assessment of two barrier options for the coastal city of Boston, located in the northeastern USA, is presented. The assessment also included a comparison to shore-based adaptation options such as elevated walkways, playing fields, and open space. While harbor-wide barriers in Boston could manage storm coastal flooding with perhaps minimal environmental impacts and moderate impacts on harbor users such as shipping, their cost-effectiveness is low. Their operational lives are limited by a rapidly increasing annual number of gate closures over time as sea level rises—placing considerable mechanical stresses on them. With low potential to adapt or adjust a barrier once it is in place, there are limited opportunities to respond to the uncertainties of climate change over time. The alternative of a wide spectrum of shore-based, district-level solutions using nature-based solutions located on the waterfront, however, has the potential for high cost-effectiveness and several key advantages. These solutions have the potential to incorporate multiple levels of protection, manage storm and tidal coastal flooding, provide flexibility and adaptability, offer co-benefits, endure for long operational lifetimes, and cause minimal impacts to the environment and harbor users.

中文翻译：

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当前和未来气候下风暴潮屏障系统的综合评估以及与替代方案的比较：美国波士顿的案例研究

大型障碍是当前和日益增加的沿海风暴洪水的管理选择。除了暴风雨期间，屏障的大门大部分时间都是打开的。作为屏障评估过程的一个示例，介绍了对位于美国东北部的沿海城市波士顿的两个屏障选项的综合评估。评估还包括与岸基适应方案的比较，如高架人行道、运动场和开放空间。虽然波士顿的全港屏障可以管理风暴沿海洪水，但可能对环境影响最小，对港口用户（如航运）的影响适中，但其成本效益很低。随着海平面上升，随着时间的推移，每年关闭的闸门数量迅速增加，这给它们带来了相当大的机械应力，从而限制了它们的使用寿命。障碍一旦到位，适应或调整障碍的可能性很小，随着时间的推移，应对气候变化的不确定性的机会有限。然而，使用位于海滨的基于自然的解决方案来替代范围广泛的岸基、地区级解决方案，具有高成本效益和几个关键优势的潜力。这些解决方案有可能整合多层次的保护、管理风暴和潮汐沿海洪水、提供灵活性和适应性、提供协同效益、延长使用寿命，并对环境和港口用户造成最小影响。然而，使用位于海滨的基于自然的解决方案来替代范围广泛的岸基、地区级解决方案，具有高成本效益和几个关键优势的潜力。这些解决方案有可能整合多层次的保护、管理风暴和潮汐沿海洪水、提供灵活性和适应性、提供协同效益、延长运营寿命，并对环境和港口用户造成最小影响。然而，使用位于海滨的基于自然的解决方案来替代范围广泛的岸基、地区级解决方案，具有高成本效益和几个关键优势的潜力。这些解决方案有可能整合多层次的保护、管理风暴和潮汐沿海洪水、提供灵活性和适应性、提供协同效益、延长使用寿命，并对环境和港口用户造成最小影响。