With the increasing number of vehicles, the management of parking spaces in cities is becoming increasingly important in improving the quality of life and combating air pollution. Indeed, finding a parking space at peak times and in congested areas of the population becomes a huge challenge for drivers. To remedy this problem, most modern cities have smart parking. The equipment of these smart parking is mainly based on the implementation of wireless sensor networks (WSN) to monitor, track, and collect real-time information on the occupancy status of each parking space. This information is then made available to drivers who are looking for an available parking space. However, sensor nodes have limitations in terms of energy and communication that affect the performance and quality of the wireless sensor network. Therefore, the design of a self-organization protocol for WSN that minimizes power consumption and maximizes the longevity of the WSN network must be taken into account when implementing and developing a sustainable and viable intelligent parking system. In this paper, we propose a protocol for self-organization of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for the management of parking spaces in outdoor and urban car parks. This protocol is based on building clusters using ZigBee transmission technology for multihop communication. Each sensor node will be installed in the ground of each parking space to monitor its availability by sending the empty or busy state of that space to the gateway using cluster head nodes (CHs). This approach has a robust and efficient self-organizing algorithm that minimizes energy dissipation and increases the lifetime of sensor nodes and the WSN network. The simulation results show that parking management systems in outdoor and urban car parks using the self-organization protocol presented are efficient and sustainable in terms of energy consumption, reliability of data transmission, and the longevity of the WSN network compared to other existing parking systems that use different self-organizing protocols for wireless sensor networks.

中文翻译：

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基于递归群集的分层协议用于物联网（IOT）的智能停车应用

随着车辆数量的增加，城市停车位的管理对于改善生活质量和防止空气污染变得越来越重要。确实，在高峰时间和人口稠密地区寻找停车位对驾驶员来说是巨大的挑战。为了解决这个问题，大多数现代城市都有智能停车场。这些智能停车位的设备主要基于无线传感器网络（WSN）的实现，以监视，跟踪和收集有关每个停车位的占用状态的实时信息。然后，此信息可供正在寻找可用停车位的驾驶员使用。但是，传感器节点在能量和通信方面存在局限性，影响无线传感器网络的性能和质量。因此，在实施和开发可持续且可行的智能停车系统时，必须考虑为WSN设计的自组织协议，该协议可最大程度地减少功耗并最大化WSN网络的寿命。在本文中，我们提出了一种用于自组织无线传感器网络（WSN）的协议，用于管理室外和城市停车场的停车位。该协议基于使用ZigBee传输技术构建集群以进行多跳通信。每个传感器节点将安装在每个停车位的地面中，以通过使用簇头节点（CH）将空间的空闲或繁忙状态发送到网关来监视其可用性。此方法具有强大而有效的自组织算法，该算法可最大程度地减少能量耗散并增加传感器节点和WSN网络的寿命。仿真结果表明，与现有的其他停车场系统相比，使用所示的自组织协议的室外和城市停车场的停车场管理系统在能耗，数据传输的可靠性和WSN网络的寿命方面均有效且可持续。对无线传感器网络使用不同的自组织协议。