Suction feeding has evolved independently in two highly disparate animal and plant systems, aquatic vertebrates and carnivorous bladderworts. We review the suction performance of animal and plant suction feeders to explore biomechanical performance limits for aquatic feeders based on morphology and kinematics, in the context of current knowledge of suction feeding. While vertebrates have the greatest diversity and size range of suction feeders, bladderworts are the smallest and fastest known suction feeders. Body size has profound effects on aquatic organismal function, including suction feeding, particularly in the intermediate flow regime that tiny organisms can experience. A minority of tiny organisms suction feed, consistent with model predictions that generating effective suction flow is less energetically efficient and also requires more flow-rate specific power at small size. Although the speed of suction flows generally increases with body and gape size, some specialized tiny plant and animal predators generate suction flows greater than those of suction feeders 100 times larger. Bladderworts generate rapid flow via high-energy and high-power elastic recoil and suction feed for nutrients (relying on photosynthesis for energy). Small animals may be limited by available muscle energy and power, although mouth protrusion can offset the performance cost of not generating high suction pressure. We hypothesize that both the high energetic costs and high power requirements of generating rapid suction flow shape the biomechanics of small suction feeders, and that plants and animals have arrived at different solutions due in part to their different energy budgets.

中文翻译：

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小生物的吸食：脊椎动物幼虫和食肉植物的性能限制

吸食在两个高度不同的动植物系统中独立进化，即水生脊椎动物和肉食性紫草。我们回顾了动物和植物吸食器的吸力性能，在目前吸食饲养知识的背景下，基于形态学和运动学探索水生饲养者的生物力学性能限制。虽然脊椎动物具有最大的多样性和大小范围的吸食器，但百合是已知的最小和最快的吸食器。体型对水生生物功能有深远的影响，包括吸食，特别是在微小生物可以经历的中间流动状态中。少数微小生物吸食饲料，与模型预测一致，即产生有效吸入流的能量效率较低，并且在小尺寸时还需要更多的流量比功率。虽然吸流的速度通常随着身体和张嘴的大小而增加，但一些特殊的微小动植物捕食者产生的吸流比吸食者的吸流大 100 倍。Bladderworts 通过高能量和高功率的弹性反冲和吸入营养物质（依靠光合作用获取能量）产生快速流动。小动物可能会受到可用肌肉能量和力量的限制，尽管嘴巴突出可以抵消不产生高吸力的性能成本。我们假设产生快速吸入流的高能量成本和高功率需求塑造了小型吸入喂食器的生物力学，