Recent advances in development of protocols for directed differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to defined lineages, in combination with 3D organoid technology, have facilitated the generation of various endoderm-derived organoids for in vitro modeling of human gastrointestinal development and associated diseases. In this review, we discuss current state-of-the-art strategies for generating hPSC-derived endodermal organoids including stomach, liver, pancreatic, small intestine, and colonic organoids. We also review the advantages of using this system to model various human diseases and evaluate the shortcomings of this technology. Finally, we emphasize how other technologies, such as genome editing and bioengineering, can be incorporated into the 3D hPSC-organoid models to generate even more robust and powerful platforms for understanding human organ development and disease modeling.

中文翻译：

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使用人类多能干细胞衍生的类器官模拟内胚层器官发育和疾病。

从人类多能干细胞 (hPSC) 定向分化为特定谱系的协议开发的最新进展，结合 3D 类器官技术，促进了各种内胚层衍生类器官的体外生成人类胃肠道发育和相关疾病的建模。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了当前用于产生 hPSC 衍生的内胚层类器官（包括胃、肝脏、胰腺、小肠和结肠类器官）的最先进策略。我们还回顾了使用该系统对各种人类疾病进行建模的优势，并评估了该技术的缺点。最后，我们强调如何将其他技术（例如基因组编辑和生物工程）整合到 3D hPSC 类器官模型中，以生成更强大、更强大的平台，以了解人体器官发育和疾病建模。