Animal models are poised to make key contributions to the study of cognitive deficits associated with chronic cocaine use in people. Advantages of animal models include use of a longitudinal experimental design that can control for drug use history and onset-age, sex, drug consumption, and abstinence duration. Twenty-two studies were reviewed (13 in adult male rats, 5 in adolescent vs. adult male rats, 3 in adult male monkeys, and 1 in adult female monkeys), and it was demonstrated repeatedly that male animals with adult-onset cocaine self-administration exposure had impairments in sustained attention, decision making, stimulus-reward learning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, but not habit learning and spatial learning and memory. These findings have translational relevance because adult cocaine users exhibit a similar range of cognitive deficits. In the limited number of studies available, male rats self-administering cocaine during adolescence were less susceptible than adults to impairment in cognitive flexibility, stimulus-reward learning, and decision making, but were more susceptible than adults to impairment in working memory, a finding also reported in the few studies performed in early-onset cocaine users. These findings suggest that animal models can help fill an unmet need for investigating important but yet-to-be-fully-addressed research questions in people. Research priorities include further investigation of differences between adolescents and adults as well as between males and females following chronic cocaine self-administration. A comprehensive understanding of the broad range of cognitive consequences of chronic cocaine use and the role of developmental plasticity can be of value for improving neuropsychological recovery efforts.

动物模型有望为研究与人类慢性可卡因使用相关的认知缺陷做出重要贡献。动物模型的优点包括使用纵向实验设计，可以控制药物使用史和发病年龄、性别、药物消耗和禁欲持续时间。回顾了 22 项研究（13 项在成年雄性大鼠中，5 项在青春期与成年雄性大鼠中，3 项在成年雄性猴中，1 项在成年雌性猴中），并且反复证明雄性动物可卡因自-给药暴露对持续注意力、决策、刺激奖励学习、工作记忆和认知灵活性有损害，但对习惯学习和空间学习和记忆没有损害。这些发现具有转化相关性，因为成年可卡因使用者表现出类似范围的认知缺陷。在可用的有限数量的研究中，雄性大鼠在青春期自我给药可卡因在认知灵活性、刺激奖励学习和决策制定方面比成年人更不容易受到损害，但比成年人更容易受到工作记忆的损害，一项发现在早发性可卡因使用者中进行的少数研究中也有报道。这些发现表明，动物模型可以帮助填补未满足的需求，即调查重要但尚未完全解决的人类研究问题。研究重点包括进一步调查青少年和成人之间以及慢性可卡因自我给药后男性和女性之间的差异。