The adhesion and formation of microbial biofilm on material surfaces is a relevant problem in many areas including in medicine and biomaterials engineering. Biofilms are the primary cause of persistent infections associated with biomedical devices and clinical settings due to their tolerance and resistance to antimicrobial treatment. Reducing initial bacterial attachment to surfaces could decrease the formation of biofilms and, consequently, the posterior dispersion stage in which bacteria present within biofilms expand to other regions, spreading the infection. In this context, the use of surface topography to minimize microbial infections and biofilm formation represents an emerging area of research as it tackles this problem without the need to use antibiotics or other chemical agents. Herein, we review recent progress in surface topography-based antimicrobial approaches and provide an overview of the influence of micro- and nano-topography on bacterial surface attachment. We focus primarily on structured polymeric surfaces. The versatility and properties of polymer materials, along with their propensity to standardization at different length scales, make them an excellent option for fabrication of numerous medical devices. This work also provides a brief overview of recent advances in patterning polymers using lithography, direct-write patterning techniques, and instability-induced patterning. The impact of micro-, nano- and hierarchical surface structuration on the antimicrobial response of polymeric surfaces is addressed to offer new insights for the preparation of antimicrobial materials.

在材料表面上微生物生物膜的粘附和形成是许多领域的相关问题，包括医学和生物材料工程领域。由于生物膜对细菌治疗的耐受性和耐药性，它们是与生物医学设备和临床环境有关的持续感染的主要原因。减少细菌在表面的初始附着可以减少生物膜的形成，从而减少后扩散阶段，其中生物膜内存在的细菌扩展到其他区域，从而传播感染。在这种情况下，使用表面形貌来最小化微生物感染和生物膜形成代表了一个新兴的研究领域，因为它无需使用抗生素或其他化学试剂即可解决此问题。在这里 我们回顾了基于表面形貌的抗菌方法的最新进展，并对微生物形貌和纳米形貌对细菌表面附着的影响进行了概述。我们主要关注结构化聚合物表面。聚合物材料的多功能性和特性，以及它们在不同长度范围内的标准化倾向，使其成为制造众多医疗设备的绝佳选择。这项工作还简要概述了使用光刻，直接写入图案化技术和不稳定性诱发的图案化对聚合物进行图案化的最新进展。解决了微米，纳米和分层表面结构对聚合物表面抗菌反应的影响，为抗菌材料的制备提供了新的见识。