The hadronic form factors of the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) have attracted considerable interest in recent literature. This concerns especially the $D$-term form factor $D(t)$ with its appealing interpretation in terms of internal forces. With their focus on hadron structure, theoretical studies so far have concentrated mainly on strongly interacting systems with short-range forces. Effects on the EMT due to long-range forces like the electromagnetic interaction have not yet been studied. Electromagnetic forces play a small role in the balance of forces inside the proton, but their long-range nature introduces new features which are not present in systems with short-range forces. We use a simple but consistent classical field theoretical model of the proton to show how the presence of long-range forces alters some notions taken for granted in short-range systems. Our results imply that a more careful definition of the $D$-term is required when long-range forces are present.

中文翻译：

---

远距离力对Dterm和能量动量结构的影响

能量动量张量（EMT）的强子形式因子在最近的文献中引起了相当大的兴趣。这尤其涉及$d$长期外形尺寸 $d（Ť）$在内力方面具有吸引力的解释。由于专注于强子结构，到目前为止，理论研究主要集中在具有短程力的强相互作用系统上。尚未研究由于电磁力等远程作用力对EMT的影响。电磁力在质子内部的力平衡中起着很小的作用，但是它们的远距离特性引入了短距离力系统中不存在的新功能。我们使用质子的简单但一致的经典场论模型来说明远程力的存在如何改变短程系统中理所当然的一些概念。我们的结果表明，对$d$当存在远距离作用力时，需要-term。