The lungs and skin are important respiratory organs in Anura, but the pulmonary structure of amphibians remains unclear due to the lack of a suitable procedure. This study improved the procedure used for fixing lungs tissues and used light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the differences in the lung and skin morphologies between Pelophylax nigromaculatus (P. nigromaculatus) and Bufo gargarizans (B. gargarizans). In P. nigromaculatus and B. gargarizans, the cystic lungs comprise a continuous outer pulmonary wall on which primary, secondary, and tertiary septa attach, and a number of regular lattices form from raised capillaries and the pulmonary epithelium on the surfaces of the pulmonary wall and septa. Each lattice in P. nigromaculatus consists of several elliptical sheets and flat bottom, and the septa are distributed with denser sheets and have a larger stretching range than the pulmonary wall. The lattice in B. gargarizans consists of thick folds and an uneven bottom with several thin folds, and the septa have more developed thick and thin folds than the pulmonary wall. However, the density of the pulmonary microvilli, the area of a single capillary, the thicknesses of the blood-air barrier, pulmonary wall and septum, and the lung/body weight percentage obtained for B. gargarizans were higher than those found for P. nigromaculatus. In P. nigromaculatus, the dorsal skin has dense capillaries and a ring surface structure with mucus layer on the stratum corneum, and the ventral skin is slightly keratinized. In B. gargarizans, the stratum corneum in both the dorsal and ventral skins is completely keratinized. A fine ultrastructure analysis of P. nigromaculatus and B. gargarizans revealed that the pulmonary septa are more developed than the pulmonary walls, which means that the septa have a stronger respiratory function. The more developed lungs are helpful for the adaptation of B. gargarizans to drought environments, whereas P. nigromaculatus has to rely on more vigorous skin respiration to adapt to a humid environment.

肺和皮肤是阿努拉的重要呼吸器官，但是由于缺乏合适的程序，两栖动物的肺部结构仍不清楚。这项研究改进了用于固定肺组织的程序，并使用光学显微镜，透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜揭示了黑腹侧耳（Pelophylax nigromaculatus（P. nigromaculatus））与蟾蜍（Bfo gargarizans）（B。gargarizans）在肺和皮肤形态上的差异。在P. nigromaculatus和B. gargarizans中，囊性肺包括连续的外部肺壁，在其上附着有初级，次级和三级隔膜，并且由凸起的毛细血管和肺壁和隔膜表面上的肺上皮形成许多规则的格子。黑腹果蝇的每个格子都由数个椭圆形的薄片和平坦的底部组成，并且隔垫上分布着更密集的薄片，并且伸展范围比肺壁大。B.gargarizans中的晶格由厚褶皱和底部不平且有几个薄褶皱组成，并且隔垫比肺壁具有更发达的厚褶皱和薄褶皱。但是，对于B. gargarizans而言，肺微绒毛的密度，单个毛细管的面积，血气屏障的厚度，肺壁和隔膜的厚度以及肺/体重的百分比均高于P. gar 。黑人。在黑潮果蝇中，背侧皮肤具有密集的毛细血管和环形表面结构，在角质层上具有粘液层，并且腹侧皮肤略有角质化。在B. gargarizans中，背侧和腹侧皮肤的角质层都被完全角化。细微的超微结构分析P. nigromaculatus和B. gargarizans发现，肺隔比肺壁更发达，这意味着该隔片具有更强的呼吸功能。较发达的肺部有助于使B. gargarizans适应干旱环境，而P. nigromaculatus必须依靠更剧烈的皮肤呼吸来适应潮湿的环境。