Sunscreens are of emerging concern regarding environmental effect. After leaving the skin either through bathing or washing, the ingredients contained in the product formulation can be released into rivers, lakes, seashores, and/or sewage treatment plants. Nanomaterials used as UV-filters are of particular concern in this context as they may have a negative effect on these systems. To assess the risks posed, the exposure and hazard of nanoparticulate UV-filters must be considered through the entire lifecycle of the sunscreen product. This includes not only usage, but also manufacturing and disposal at the end of life of the product, as some nanomaterials may be released into the environment at each stage. This includes also developing relevant approaches that take into account realistic scenarios of environmental release and fate. Nanoparticulate UV-filters typically consist of a mineral nanoparticle core (TiO2 or ZnO) coated with surface layers aimed at optimizing the dispersion in the formulation and at supressing any photo-sensibility. This coating plays a key role in the associated risk since it affects the nanoparticle surface properties, which control both fate and hazard. At present, knowledge gaps remain regarding the safety of nanomaterials used in sunscreen, as very few studies have focused on real sunscreen filters and formulations throughout their lifecycle so far. A literature review is proposed here from the design of nanoparticulate UV-filters and formulations, to the release, fate, and effect in the different compartments encountered along the product lifecycle. The resulting state of the art highlights knowledge gaps and will likely help regulators, manufacturers, and consumers choose appropriate guidance. By considering each development stage of the sunscreen, from the choice of the UV-filter(s) and its (their) integration into a cosmetic formulation to the knowledge of the risk involved in this choice all along the product lifecycle, an eco-design approach can be achieved where release or toxicity are reduced. Sustainability can thus be accounted for, during the design process, by making the appropriate choices (in advance) that help minimize or prevent the environmental impact of the sunscreen.

中文翻译：

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评估防晒霜生命周期以最大限度地减少纳米微粒紫外线过滤剂带来的环境风险——对设计更安全产品的审查

防晒霜是新出现的关于环境影响的问题。通过沐浴或洗涤离开皮肤后，产品配方中所含的成分会被释放到河流、湖泊、海滨和/或污水处理厂中。在这种情况下，用作紫外线过滤器的纳米材料尤其受到关注，因为它们可能对这些系统产生负面影响。为了评估所带来的风险，必须在防晒产品的整个生命周期中考虑纳米微粒紫外线过滤剂的暴露和危害。这不仅包括使用，还包括产品生命周期结束时的制造和处置，因为一些纳米材料可能会在每个阶段释放到环境中。这还包括制定相关方法，将环境释放和归宿的现实情况考虑在内。纳米微粒紫外线过滤剂通常由表面涂层的矿物纳米微粒核（TiO2 或 ZnO）组成，旨在优化配方中的分散并抑制任何光敏性。这种涂层在相关风险中起着关键作用，因为它会影响控制命运和危害的纳米颗粒表面特性。目前，关于用于防晒霜的纳米材料的安全性的知识差距仍然存在，因为到目前为止，很少有研究关注真正的防晒霜过滤器和配方的整个生命周期。这里提出了一篇文献综述，从纳米微粒紫外线过滤剂和配方的设计，到产品生命周期中遇到的不同隔室中的释放、归宿和效果。由此产生的最新技术突出了知识差距，并可能有助于监管机构，制造商、消费者选择合适的指导。通过考虑防晒霜的每个开发阶段，从选择紫外线过滤剂及其（它们）与化妆品配方的集成，到在整个产品生命周期中对这种选择所涉及的风险的了解，生态设计可以实现释放或毒性减少的方法。因此，可持续性可以在设计过程中通过做出适当的选择（提前）来帮助最小化或防止防晒霜对环境的影响。在减少释放或毒性的情况下，可以实现生态设计方法。因此，可持续性可以在设计过程中通过做出适当的选择（提前）来帮助最小化或防止防晒霜对环境的影响。在减少释放或毒性的情况下，可以实现生态设计方法。因此，可持续性可以在设计过程中通过做出适当的选择（提前）来帮助最小化或防止防晒霜对环境的影响。