Background

Although manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, recent research has revealed that excess Mn in early childhood may have adverse effects on neurodevelopment.

Methods

We estimated daily total Mn intake due to breast milk at average body weights by reviewing reported concentrations of breast milk Mn and measurements of body weight and breast milk intake at 3 weeks, 4.25 months, 7 months, and 18 months. We compared these figures to the Mn content measured in 44 infant, follow-up, and toddler formulas purchased in the United States and France. We calculated Mn content of formula products made with ultra-trace elemental analysis grade water (0 μg Mn/L) and with water containing 250 μg Mn/L, a concentration which is relatively high but less than the World Health Organization Health-based value of 400 μg Mn/L or the United States Environmental Protection Agency Health Advisory of 350 μg Mn/L.

Results

Estimated mean daily Mn intake from breast milk ranged from 1.2 μg Mn/kg/day (3 weeks) to 0.16 μg Mn/kg/day (18 months), with the highest intakes at the youngest age stage we considered, 3 weeks. Estimated daily Mn intake from formula products reconstituted with 0 μg Mn/L water ranged from 130 μg Mn/kg/day (3 weeks) to 4.8 μg Mn/kg/day (18 months) with the highest intakes at 3 weeks. Formula products provided 28–520 times greater than the mean daily intake of Mn from breast milk for the 4 age stages that we considered. Estimated daily Mn intake from formula products reconstituted with water containing 250 μg Mn/L ranged from 12 μg Mn/kg/day to 170 μg Mn/kg/day, which exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency Reference Dose of 140 μg Mn/kg/day for adults.

Conclusions

Mn deficiency is highly unlikely with exclusive breast milk or infant formula feeding, but established tolerable daily intake levels for Mn may be surpassed by some of these products when following labeled instructions.

中文翻译：

---

估计美国和法国母乳、婴儿配方奶粉或幼儿营养饮料中锰的每日摄入量：与充足性和毒性阈值的比较。

背景

尽管锰 (Mn) 是一种必需营养素，但最近的研究表明，儿童早期过量的锰可能会对神经发育产生不利影响。

方法

我们通过审查报告的母乳 Mn 浓度以及 3 周、4.25 个月、7 个月和 18 个月时的体重和母乳摄入量测量值，估计了平均体重下母乳导致的每日总锰摄入量。我们将这些数字与在美国和法国购买的 44 名婴儿、后续和幼儿配方奶粉中测得的锰含量进行了比较。我们计算了用超痕量元素分析级水（0 μg Mn/L）和含有 250 μg Mn/L 的水制成的配方产品的 Mn 含量，该浓度相对较高但低于世界卫生组织健康基准值400 μg Mn/L 或美国环境保护署健康咨询 350 μg Mn/L。

结果

从母乳中估计的平均每日锰摄入量为 1.2 μg Mn/kg/天（3 周）至 0.16 μg Mn/kg/天（18 个月），在我们考虑的最小年龄阶段（3 周）摄入量最高。从用 0 μg Mn/L 水重构的配方产品中估计的每日 Mn 摄入量范围为 130 μg Mn/kg/天（3 周）至 4.8 μg Mn/kg/天（18 个月），3 周时摄入量最高。在我们考虑的 4 个年龄阶段，配方奶粉产品提供的 Mn 摄入量是母乳中每日平均摄入量的 28-520 倍。用含有 250 μg Mn/L 的水重新配制的配方产品的估计每日锰摄入量为 12 μg Mn/kg/天至 170 μg Mn/kg/天，超过美国环境保护署参考剂量 140 μg Mn/kg /天成人。

结论

纯母乳或婴儿配方奶粉喂养极不可能出现锰缺乏症，但当遵循标签说明时，其中一些产品可能会超过确定的每日锰摄入量。