Objective

We test the hypothesis that physiological stress increased in response to increasing social turmoil following waves of colonization and social transition. The ways local conditions, including variation in geography, environment, and levels of urbanization impact physiological stress are also explored.

Materials

In Albania, the historic period is a sequence of different waves of colonization. Skeletal data come from three Albanian archaeological sites: Apollonia (n = 231), Durrës (n = 246), and Lofkënd (n = 129).

Methods

Prevalence of cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel hypoplasia, and periosteal new bone formation are analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests.

Results

We observe increased skeletal manifestations of physiological stress between prehistoric and historic groups, but physiological stress is generally consistent through time.

Conclusions

General increase in skeletal pathology between prehistoric and historic periods corresponds to broad increases in political unrest associated with colonization spanning the entire historic period. However, little difference in physiological stress across colonization episodes (Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian, Ottoman) suggests skeletal health is affected similarly by colonization, regardless of particularities in method and type of colonial control.

Significance

Examining human response to social change across broad time scales is useful in identifying broad patterns in the human experience.

Limitations

Exploring variation across broad time scales and multiple sites is potentially problematic because confounding factors could impact results and interpretations.

Suggestions for further research

Environmental, social, and geographic differences, likely impacted the lives and lifestyles of individuals living in the past and should be explored further to understand the nuances in local response to colonization.

中文翻译：

---

阿尔巴尼亚社会转型期间生理压力的生物考古重建。

客观的

我们检验了这样一种假设，即生理压力随着殖民化和社会转型浪潮之后日益加剧的社会动荡而增加。还探讨了当地条件的方式，包括地理、环境和城市化水平的变化对生理压力的影响。

材料

在阿尔巴尼亚，历史时期是一系列不同的殖民浪潮。骨骼数据来自三个阿尔巴尼亚考古遗址：阿波罗尼亚 (n = 231)、都拉斯 (n = 246) 和 Lofkënd (n = 129)。

方法

使用卡方和逻辑回归检验分析眶周、多孔性骨质增生、线性釉质发育不全和骨膜新骨形成的患病率。

结果

我们观察到史前和历史群体之间生理压力的骨骼表现增加，但生理压力随着时间的推移通常是一致的。

结论

史前时期和历史时期之间骨骼病理学的普遍增加对应于整个历史时期与殖民化相关的政治动荡的广泛增加。然而，殖民时期（希腊、罗马、拜占庭、保加利亚、奥斯曼）的生理压力几乎没有差异，这表明无论殖民控制的方法和类型有何特殊性，骨骼健康都受到殖民的影响。

意义

在广泛的时间尺度上检查人类对社会变化的反应有助于识别人类经验中的广泛模式。

限制

探索跨广泛时间尺度和多个地点的变化可能存在问题，因为混杂因素可能会影响结果和解释。

进一步研究的建议

环境、社会和地理差异可能影响过去个人的生活和生活方式，应进一步探索以了解当地对殖民化反应的细微差别。