Many tropical countries are experiencing massive land-use change with profound environmental and socioeconomic implications. In Indonesia, oil palm cultivation is rapidly expanding at the expense of more traditional agricultural crops and forest land. While environmental effects of the oil palm boom were analyzed in many studies, much less is known about social effects. Here, we analyze how oil palm cultivation by smallholder farmers influences nutrition through changing income, gender roles, and other possible mechanisms. The analysis uses panel data collected in Jambi Province, Sumatra, one of the hotspots of Indonesia's recent oil palm boom. Regression models show that oil palm cultivation has positive effects on different indicators of nutrition and dietary quality. These effects are primarily channeled through income gains that improve smallholders' access to nutritious foods from the market. Oil palm requires less family labor than traditional crops, so a switch to oil palm could potentially free labor for off-farm economic activities. We find that oil palm cultivation is positively associated with off-farm employment of male but not female household members, which may be related to unequal opportunities. Independent of oil palm cultivation, female off-farm employment has positive nutrition effects, even after controlling for total household income.

中文翻译：

---

印度尼西亚农户的土地利用变化、营养和性别角色

许多热带国家正在经历具有深远环境和社会经济影响的大规模土地利用变化。在印度尼西亚，油棕种植正在以牺牲更多传统农作物和林地为代价迅速扩大。虽然在许多研究中分析了油棕繁荣的环境影响，但对社会影响的了解却很少。在这里，我们分析了小农种植油棕如何通过改变收入、性别角色和其他可能的机制来影响营养。该分析使用在苏门答腊占碑省收集的面板数据，该省是印度尼西亚近期油棕繁荣的热点地区之一。回归模型表明，油棕种植对营养和膳食质量的不同指标有积极影响。这些影响主要是通过收入增加来实现的，这些收入增加了小农从市场上获取营养食品的机会。与传统作物相比，油棕需要的家庭劳动力更少，因此改用油棕可能会为非农经济活动腾出劳动力。我们发现油棕种植与男性而非女性家庭成员的非农就业呈正相关，这可能与机会不平等有关。独立于油棕种植，女性非农就业具有积极的营养影响，即使在控制家庭总收入之后也是如此。我们发现油棕种植与男性而非女性家庭成员的非农就业呈正相关，这可能与机会不平等有关。独立于油棕种植，女性非农就业具有积极的营养影响，即使在控制家庭总收入之后也是如此。我们发现油棕种植与男性而非女性家庭成员的非农就业呈正相关，这可能与机会不平等有关。独立于油棕种植，女性非农就业具有积极的营养影响，即使在控制家庭总收入之后也是如此。