Abstract Real economies and societies are diverse. Applied economics responds to diversity by a variety in technologies, institutions, products, policies, for meeting the demands of differentiated actors. Nevertheless, neoclassical economics states that climate change can be regulated most efficiently by installing a global uniform carbon price. This position is based on many assumptions, such as full substitutability, negligible transaction costs, and boundless scale economies. However, diversity is relevant for designing well functioning carbon pricing policies. Diversity is a gradual property for cataloging homogeneous and heterogeneous cases. When categories are incompatible, substitutability is problematic, and transaction costs are high, respecting diversity is beneficial, not costly. Negating heterogeneity (strong diversity) by applying uniform approaches triggers subsequent remedial ad-hoc policies to anyhow address relevant differences. Ex-ante consideration of diversity prevents the flaws of remedial policies. By opting for diverse, case specific financial incentives, economics would well partner with other social sciences in search for realistic, effective, efficient and just climate policies. The global uniform carbon price is a theoretical concept, unlikely to ever be realized, hence escaping decisive assessment of its actual performance. We suggest a substitute indicator for UNFCCC monitoring of countries’ efforts to financially incentivize climate actions.

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多样性使全球统一碳定价失去了有效气候政策的资格

摘要 实体经济和社会是多种多样的。应用经济学通过各种技术、制度、产品、政策来应对多样性，以满足不同参与者的需求。尽管如此，新古典经济学指出，通过设置全球统一的碳价格可以最有效地调节气候变化。这一立场基于许多假设，例如完全可替代性、可忽略的交易成本和无限规模经济。然而，多样性与设计运作良好的碳定价政策相关。多样性是对同质和异质案例进行编目的渐进属性。当类别不兼容、可替代性有问题、交易成本高时，尊重多样性是有益的，而不是代价高昂的。通过应用统一方法来否定异质性（强多样性）会触发随后的补救临时政策，以无论如何解决相关差异。对多样性的事先考虑可以防止补救政策的缺陷。通过选择多样化的、针对具体案例的财政激励措施，经济学将与其他社会科学很好地合作，以寻求现实、有效、高效和公正的气候政策。全球统一碳价是一个理论概念，不太可能实现，因此逃避对其实际表现的决定性评估。我们建议用一个替代指标来监测各国在财政上激励气候行动的努力。对多样性的事先考虑可以防止补救政策的缺陷。通过选择多样化的、针对特定案例的财政激励措施，经济学将与其他社会科学很好地合作，以寻求现实、有效、高效和公正的气候政策。全球统一碳价是一个理论概念，不太可能实现，因此逃避对其实际表现的决定性评估。我们建议用一个替代指标来监测各国在财政上激励气候行动的努力。对多样性的事先考虑可以防止补救政策的缺陷。通过选择多样化的、针对特定案例的财政激励措施，经济学将与其他社会科学很好地合作，以寻求现实、有效、高效和公正的气候政策。全球统一碳价是一个理论概念，不太可能实现，因此逃避对其实际表现的决定性评估。我们建议为 UNFCCC 监测各国在财政上激励气候行动的努力提供替代指标。因此逃避对其实际表现的决定性评估。我们建议用一个替代指标来监测各国在财政上激励气候行动的努力。因此逃避对其实际表现的决定性评估。我们建议用一个替代指标来监测各国在财政上激励气候行动的努力。