Due to many important technical developments over the past two decades angle‐resolved (inverse) photoemission has become the method of choice to study experimentally the bulk and surface‐related electronic states of solids in the most detailed way. Due to new powerful photon sources as well as efficient analyzers and detectors extremely high energy and angle resolution are achieved nowadays for spin‐integrated and also for spin‐resolved measurements. These developments allow in particular to explore the influence of spin–orbit coupling on image potential states of simple metals like Ir, Pt, or Au with a high atomic number as well as new types of materials as for example topological insulators. Herein, fully relativistic angle‐ and spin‐resolved inverse photoemission calculations are presented that make use of the spin‐density matrix formulation of the one‐step model. This way a quantitative analysis of all occupied and unoccupied electronic features in the vicinity of the Fermi level is achieved for a wide range of excitation energies. Using this approach, in addition, it is possible to deal with arbitrarily ordered but also disordered systems. Because of these features, the one‐step or spectral function approach to photoemission permits detailed theoretical studies on a large variety of interesting solid‐state systems.

中文翻译：

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自旋轨道相互作用对高Z材料像态的影响

由于过去二十年中许多重要的技术发展，角分辨（反向）光发射已成为选择以最详细的方式对固体的体电子和表面电子态进行实验研究的一种选择方法。由于有了新型强大的光子源以及高效的分析仪和检测器，如今，对于自旋积分和自旋分辨测量而言，都实现了极高的能量和角度分辨率。这些进展尤其允许探讨自旋-轨道耦合对具有高原子序数的简单金属（例如Ir，Pt或Au）以及新型材料（例如拓扑绝缘体）的像能态的影响。在这里 利用单步模型的自旋密度矩阵公式，提出了完全相对论的角度和自旋分辨逆光发射计算。这样，对于大范围的激发能，就可以对费米能级附近的所有占用和未占用的电子特征进行定量分析。另外，使用这种方法，可以处理任意有序但无序的系统。由于这些特性，光发射的一步或光谱函数方法允许对各种有趣的固态系统进行详细的理论研究。可以处理任意排序但也无序的系统。由于这些特性，光发射的一步或光谱函数方法允许对各种有趣的固态系统进行详细的理论研究。可以处理任意排序但也无序的系统。由于这些特性，光发射的一步或光谱函数方法允许对各种有趣的固态系统进行详细的理论研究。