Following acute infection, Herpes Simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency and recurrent reactivation in the sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG). Infected tree shrew differs from mouse and show characteristics similar to human infection. A detailed transcriptomic analysis of the tree shrew model could provide mechanistic insights into HSV-1 infection in humans. We sequenced the transcriptome of infected TGs from tree shrews and mice, and 4 human donors, then examined viral genes expression up to 58 days in infected TGs from mouse and tree shrew, and compare the latency data with that in human TGs. Here, we found that all HSV-1 genes could be detected in mouse TGs during acute infection, but 22 viral genes necessary for viral transcription, replication and viral maturation were not expressed in tree shrew TGs during this stage. Importantly, during latency, we found that LAT could be detected both in mouse and tree shrew, but the latter also has an ICP0 transcript signal absent in mouse but present in human samples. Importantly, we observed that infected human and tree shrew TGs have a more similar LAT region transcription peak. More importantly, we observed that HSV-1 spontaneously reactivates from latently infected tree shrews with relatively high efficiency. These results represent the first longitudinal transcriptomic characterization of HSV-1 infection in during acute, latency and recurrent phases, and revealed that tree shrew infection has important similar features with human infection.

中文翻译：

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HSV-1感染树中病毒基因的纵向转录组学特征描述了三叉神经节。

急性感染后，单纯疱疹病毒1（HSV-1）在三叉神经节（TG）的感觉神经元中建立终生潜伏期和复发性再激活。被感染的树sh与小鼠不同，并且表现出与人类感染相似的特征。对树sh模型的详细转录组学分析可以提供对人类HSV-1感染的机制性见解。我们对来自树sh和小鼠的感染的TG的转录组进行测序，以及4位人类供体，然后检查了来自小鼠和树sh的感染的TG中长达58天的病毒基因表达，并将潜伏期数据与人TG的进行了比较。在这里，我们发现在急性感染过程中可以在小鼠TGs中检测到所有HSV-1基因，但是在此阶段树TGs中没有表达病毒转录，复制和病毒成熟所必需的22个病毒基因。重要的是，在潜伏期中，我们发现可以在小鼠和树sh中检测到LAT，但是后者在小鼠中也没有ICP0转录信号，但存在于人类样品中。重要的是，我们观察到受感染的人和树TG具有更相似的LAT区转录峰。更重要的是，我们观察到HSV-1自发地从潜伏感染的树sh中重新激活，效率相对较高。这些结果代表了HSV-1感染在急性，潜伏期和复发期的第一个纵向转录组学特征，并表明树sh感染与人类感染具有重要的相似特征。但后者在小鼠中也没有人体内样品中存在的ICP0转录信号。重要的是，我们观察到受感染的人和树shTG具有更相似的LAT区转录峰。更重要的是，我们观察到HSV-1自发地从潜伏感染的树sh中重新激活，效率相对较高。这些结果代表了HSV-1感染在急性，潜伏期和复发期的第一个纵向转录组学特征，并表明树sh感染与人类感染具有重要的相似特征。但后者在小鼠中也没有人体内样品中存在的ICP0转录信号。重要的是，我们观察到受感染的人和树TG具有更相似的LAT区转录峰。更重要的是，我们观察到HSV-1自发地从潜伏感染的树sh中重新激活，效率相对较高。这些结果代表了HSV-1感染在急性，潜伏期和复发期的第一个纵向转录组学特征，并表明树sh感染与人类感染具有重要的相似特征。