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Early Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Based on Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors: Comprehensive Perspective
Current Analytical Chemistry ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-31 , DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666180829111004
Maryam Kharati 1 , Sanam Foroutanparsa 1 , Mohammad Rabiee 1 , Reza Salarian 2 , Navid Rabiee 3 , Ghazal Rabiee 3
Affiliation  

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated response in which body’s immune system destructs the protective sheath (myelin). Part of the known MS biomarkers are discovered in cerebrospinal fluid like oligoclonal lgG (OCGB), and also in blood like myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG). The conventional MS diagnostic methods often fail to detect the disease in early stages such as Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), which considered as a concerning issue since CIS highlighted as a prognostic factor of MS development in most cases.

Methods: MS diagnostic techniques include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, lumbar puncture (or spinal tap) that evaluate cerebrospinal fluid, evoked potential testing revealing abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord. These conventional diagnostic methods have some negative points such as extensive processing time as well as restriction in the quantity of samples that can be analyzed concurrently. Scientists have focused on developing the detection methods especially early detection which belongs to ultra-sensitive, non-invasive and needed for the Point of Care (POC) diagnosis because the situation was complicated by false positive or negative results.

Results: As a result, biosensors are utilized and investigated since they could be ultra-sensitive to specific compounds, cost effective devices, body-friendly and easy to implement. In addition, it has been proved that the biosensors on physiological fluids (blood, serum, urine, saliva, milk etc.) have quick response in a non-invasive rout. In general form, a biosensor system for diagnosis and early detection process usually involves; biomarker (target molecule), bio receptor (recognition element) and compatible bio transducer.

Conclusion: Studies underlined that early treatment of patients with high possibility of MS can be advantageous by postponing further abnormalities on MRI and subsequent attacks.

This Review highlights variable disease diagnosis approaches such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), electrochemical biosensors, Microarrays and microbeads based Microarrays, which are considered as promising methods for detection and early detection of MS.



中文翻译:

基于光学和电化学生物传感器的多发性硬化症的早期诊断:综合视角

背景:多发性硬化症(MS)涉及一种免疫介导的反应,其中人体的免疫系统破坏了保护鞘(髓鞘)。部分已知的MS生物标记物是在脑脊液(如寡克隆lgG(OCGB))和血液(如髓磷脂少突胶质糖蛋白(MOG))中发现的。传统的MS诊断方法通常无法在早期阶段检测出疾病,例如临床孤立综合征(CIS),这是一个值得关注的问题,因为在大多数情况下CIS都将其作为MS发展的预后因素。

方法:MS诊断技术包括大脑和脊髓的磁共振成像(MRI),评估脑脊液的腰穿(或脊髓水龙头),诱发电位测试以揭示大脑和脊髓的异常情况。这些常规诊断方法具有一些缺点,例如处理时间长以及可同时分析的样品数量有限。科学家专注于开发检测方法,尤其是早期检测,这种检测属于超灵敏,非侵入性并且是即时诊断(POC)诊断所需要的,因为情况会因假阳性或阴性结果而变得复杂。

结果:结果,生物传感器得到了利用和研究,因为它们对特定化合物,成本效益高的设备,对人体友好且易于实施等方面超敏感。另外,已经证明,生理液体(血液,血清,尿液,唾液,牛奶等)上的生物传感器在非侵入性溃败中具有快速响应。通常,用于诊断和早期检测过程的生物传感器系统通常会涉及到;生物标志物(目标分子),生物受体(识别元件)和兼容的生物传感器。

结论:研究强调,通过延迟进一步的MRI异常和随后的发作,早期治疗MS可能性高的患者可能是有利的。

这篇综述重点介绍了多种疾病诊断方法,例如表面等离子体共振(SPR),电化学生物传感器,微阵列和基于微珠的微阵列,这些方法被认为是检测和早期检测MS的有前途的方法。

更新日期:2020-07-31
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