Dysregulated inflammation is a complicated pathological process involved in various diseases, and the treatment of inflammation-linked disorders currently represents an enormous global burden. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized, lipid membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted by virtually all types of cells, which act as an important intercellular communicative medium. Considering their capacity to transfer bioactive substances, both unmodified and engineered EVs are increasingly being explored as potential therapeutic agents or therapeutic vehicles. Moreover, as the nature's own delivery tool, EVs possess many desirable advantages, such as stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, and biological barrier permeability. The application of EV-based therapy to combat inflammation, though still in an early stage of development, has profound transformative potential. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in EV engineering for inflammation targeting and modulation, summarize their preclinical applications in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, and present our views on the anti-inflammatory applications of EV-based nanotherapeutics.

中文翻译：

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基于细胞外囊泡的纳米疗法：抗炎治疗中的新兴前沿。

炎症失调是涉及多种疾病的复杂病理过程，并且与炎症相关的疾病的治疗目前代表着巨大的全球负担。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是几乎所有类型的细胞分泌的纳米级，脂质膜包裹的囊泡，它们是重要的细胞间通讯介质。考虑到它们转移生物活性物质的能力，未修饰和工程化的电动汽车都越来越多地被视为潜在的治疗剂或治疗载体。此外，作为大自然自己的输送工具，电动汽车具有许多理想的优势，例如稳定性，生物相容性，低免疫原性，低毒性和生物屏障通透性。基于电动汽车的疗法在抗炎方面的应用，尽管仍处于发展初期，但具有巨大的变革潜力。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了针对炎症靶向和调节的EV工程领域的最新进展，总结了其在炎性疾病治疗中的临床前应用，并就基于EV的纳米治疗剂的抗炎应用提出了我们的观点。