The increasing demands to further electrify and digitalize our society set demands for a green electrical energy storage technology that can be scaled between very small, and heavily distributed electrical energy sources, to very large volumes. Such technology must be compatible with fast-throughput, large-volume and low-cost fabrication processes, such as using printing and coating techniques. Here, we demonstrate a sequential production protocol to fabricate supercapacitors including electrodes based on cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS. Thin and lightweight paper electrodes, carbon adhesion layers and the gel electrolyte are fabricated using spray coating, screen printing, and bar coating, respectively. These all solid-state supercapacitors are flexible, mechanically robust and exhibit a low equivalent series resistance (0.22 Ω), thus resulting in a high power density (∼10⁴ W/kg) energy technology. The supercapacitors are combined and connected to a power management circuit to demonstrate a smart packaging application. This work shows that operational and embedded supercapacitors can be manufactured in a manner to allow for the integration with, for instance smart packaging solutions, thus enabling powered, active internet-of-things (IoT) devices in a highly distributed application.

进一步使我们的社会电气化和数字化的要求不断提高，因此人们需要一种绿色的电能存储技术，该技术可以在非常小且分布很广的电能来源之间进行大规模缩放。此类技术必须与高吞吐量，大批量且低成本的制造过程兼容，例如使用印刷和涂层技术。在这里，我们演示了制造超级电容器的顺序生产协议，该超级电容器包括基于纤维素纳米原纤维（CNF）和导电聚合物PEDOT：PSS的电极。薄而轻的纸电极，碳粘附层和凝胶电解质分别使用喷涂，丝网印刷和棒涂来制造。这些所有的固态超级电容器都很灵活，〜 10 ⁴  W / kg）的能量的技术。超级电容器被组合并连接到电源管理电路，以演示智能封装应用。这项工作表明，可以以允许与例如智能包装解决方案集成的方式来制造可操作和嵌入式超级电容器，从而在高度分布式的应用中启用有源的物联网（IoT）设备。