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Development of Binaural Sensitivity: Eye Gaze as a Measure of Real-time Processing
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-07 , DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00039
Z Ellen Peng 1 , Alan Kan 1, 2 , Ruth Y Litovsky 1
Affiliation  

Children localize sounds using binaural cues when navigating everyday auditory environments. While sensitivity to binaural cues reaches maturity by 8–10 years of age, large individual variability has been observed in the just-noticeable-difference (JND) thresholds for interaural time difference (ITD) among children in this age range. To understand the development of binaural sensitivity beyond JND thresholds, the “looking-while-listening” paradigm was adapted in this study to reveal the real-time decision-making behavior during ITD processing. Children ages 8–14 years with normal hearing (NH) and a group of young NH adults were tested. This novel paradigm combined eye gaze tracking with behavioral psychoacoustics to estimate ITD JNDs in a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task. Results from simultaneous eye gaze recordings during ITD processing suggested that children had adult-like ITD JNDs, but they demonstrated immature decision-making strategies. While the time course of arriving at the initial fixation and final decision in providing a judgment of the ITD direction was similar, children exhibited more uncertainty than adults during decision-making. Specifically, children made more fixation changes, particularly when tested using small ITD magnitudes, between the target and non-target response options prior to finalizing a judgment. These findings suggest that, while children may exhibit adult-like sensitivity to ITDs, their eye gaze behavior reveals that the processing of this binaural cue is still developing through late childhood.

中文翻译:

双耳灵敏度的发展:眼睛凝视作为实时处理的衡量标准

儿童在日常听觉环境中导航时使用双耳线索定位声音。虽然对双耳线索的敏感性在 8-10 岁时达到成熟,但在该年龄段儿童的双耳时间差 (ITD) 的刚好可察觉差异 (JND) 阈值中观察到了很大的个体差异。为了了解超出 JND 阈值的双耳灵敏度的发展,本研究采用了“边听边看”范式,以揭示 ITD 处理过程中的实时决策行为。测试了听力正常 (NH) 的 8-14 岁儿童和一群年轻的 NH 成人。这种新颖的范式将眼睛注视跟踪与行为心理声学相结合,以在两种可选的强制选择辨别任务中估计 ITD JND。在 ITD 处理过程中同时记录眼睛注视的结果表明,儿童具有类似成人的 ITD JND,但他们表现出不成熟的决策策略。虽然在提供 ITD 方向判断时达到初始固定和最终决定的时间过程相似,但儿童在决策过程中表现出比成人更多的不确定性。具体来说,在最终确定判断之前,儿童在目标和非目标响应选项之间进行了更多的注视变化,尤其是在使用较小的 ITD 幅度进行测试时。这些发现表明,虽然儿童可能对 ITD 表现出类似成人的敏感性,但他们的眼睛注视行为表明,这种双耳线索的处理仍在儿童后期发展。但他们表现出不成熟的决策策略。虽然在提供 ITD 方向判断时达到初始固定和最终决定的时间过程相似,但儿童在决策过程中表现出比成人更多的不确定性。具体来说,在最终确定判断之前,儿童在目标和非目标响应选项之间进行了更多的注视变化,尤其是在使用较小的 ITD 幅度进行测试时。这些发现表明,虽然儿童可能对 ITD 表现出类似成人的敏感性,但他们的眼睛注视行为表明,这种双耳线索的处理仍在儿童后期发展。但他们表现出不成熟的决策策略。虽然在提供 ITD 方向判断时达到初始固定和最终决定的时间过程相似,但儿童在决策过程中表现出比成人更多的不确定性。具体来说,在最终确定判断之前,儿童在目标和非目标响应选项之间进行了更多的注视变化,尤其是在使用较小的 ITD 幅度进行测试时。这些发现表明,虽然儿童可能对 ITD 表现出类似成人的敏感性,但他们的眼睛注视行为表明,这种双耳线索的处理仍在儿童后期发展。在决策过程中,儿童比成人表现出更多的不确定性。具体来说,在最终确定判断之前,儿童在目标和非目标响应选项之间进行了更多的注视变化,尤其是在使用较小的 ITD 幅度进行测试时。这些发现表明,虽然儿童可能对 ITD 表现出类似成人的敏感性,但他们的眼睛注视行为表明,这种双耳线索的处理仍在儿童后期发展。在决策过程中,儿童比成人表现出更多的不确定性。具体来说,在最终确定判断之前,儿童在目标和非目标响应选项之间进行了更多的注视变化,尤其是在使用较小的 ITD 幅度进行测试时。这些发现表明,虽然儿童可能对 ITD 表现出类似成人的敏感性,但他们的眼睛注视行为表明,这种双耳线索的处理仍在儿童后期发展。
更新日期:2020-07-07
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