The diverse superfamily Oestroidea with more than 15 000 known species includes among others blow flies, flesh flies, bot flies and the diverse tachinid flies. Oestroidea exhibit strikingly divergent morphological and ecological traits, but even with a variety of data sources and inferences there is no consensus on the relationships among major Oestroidea lineages. Phylogenomic inferences derived from targeted enrichment of ultraconserved elements or UCEs have emerged as a promising method for resolving difficult phylogenetic problems at varying timescales. To reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among families of Oestroidea, we obtained UCE loci exclusively derived from the transcribed portion of the genome, making them suitable for larger and more integrative phylogenomic studies using other genomic and transcriptomic resources. We analysed datasets containing 37–2077 UCE loci from 98 representatives of all oestroid families (except Ulurumyiidae and Mystacinobiidae) and seven calyptrate outgroups, with a total concatenated aligned length between 10 and 550 Mb. About 35% of the sampled taxa consisted of museum specimens (2–92 years old), of which 85% resulted in successful UCE enrichment. Our maximum likelihood and coalescent‐based analyses produced well‐resolved and highly supported topologies. With the exception of Calliphoridae and Oestridae all included families were recovered as monophyletic with the following conclusions: Oestroidea is monophyletic with Mesembrinellidae as sister to the remaining oestroid families; Oestridae is paraphyletic with respect to Sarcophagidae; Polleniidae is sister to Tachinidae; Rhinophoridae sister to (Luciliinae (Toxotarsinae (Melanomyinae + Calliphorinae))); Phumosiinae is sister to Chrysomyinae and Bengaliinae is sister to Rhiniidae. These results support the ranking of most calliphorid subfamilies as separate families.

中文翻译：

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蛋白质编码超保守元素为雌蝇（双翅目：Calyptratae）提供了新的系统发育视角

拥有超过 15 000 种已知物种的多样化总科 Oestroidea 包括苍蝇、肉蝇、bot 苍蝇和各种 tachinid 苍蝇。Oestroidea 表现出显着不同的形态和生态特征，但即使有各种数据来源和推论，对主要 Oestroidea 谱系之间的关系也没有达成共识。来自超保守元素或 UCE 的靶向富集的系统发育推断已成为解决不同时间尺度上困难的系统发育问题的有前途的方法。为了重建 Oestroidea 家族之间的系统发育关系，我们获得了完全源自基因组转录部分的 UCE 基因座，使它们适合使用其他基因组和转录组学资源进行更大、更综合的系统发育研究。我们分析了包含 37-2077 个 UCE 位点的数据集，这些位点来自所有雌激素科（Ulurumyiidae 和 Mystacinobiidae 除外）和 7 个 calyptrate 外群的 98 个代表，总连接对齐长度在 10 到 550 Mb 之间。大约 35% 的采样类群由博物馆标本（2-92 岁）组成，其中 85% 导致成功的 UCE 富集。我们基于最大似然和聚结的分析产生了解析良好且高度支持的拓扑。除 Calliphoridae 和 Oestridae 外，所有包括的科都被恢复为单系，并得出以下结论： Oestroidea 是单系的，Mesembrinellidae 是其余 oestroid 科的姐妹；Oestridae 与Sarcophagidae 是并系的；Pollenidae 是 Tachinidae 的姐妹；Rhinophoridae 姊妹 to (Luciliinae (Toxotarsinae (Melanomyinae + Calliphorinae)))；Phumosiinae 是 Chrysomyinae 的姐妹，Bengaliinae 是 Rhiniidae 的姐妹。这些结果支持将大多数 calliphorid 亚科列为独立的科。