Light in the near‐infrared (NIR) spectral region is increasingly utilized in bioapplications, providing deeper penetration in biological tissues owing to the lower absorption and scattering in comparison with light in the visible range. Lanthanide‐doped luminescent nanoparticles with excitation and/or emission in the NIR range have recently attracted tremendous attention as one of the prime candidates for noninvasive biological applications due to their unique optical properties, such as large Stokes shift, spectrally sharp luminescence emissions, long luminescence lifetimes, and excellent photostability. Herein, recent advances of lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles with NIR upconversion or downshifting luminescence and their uses in cutting‐edge biophotonic applications are presented. A set of efficient strategies for overcoming the fundamental limit of low luminescence brightness of lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles is introduced. An in‐depth literature review of their state‐of‐art biophotonics applications is also included, showing their superiority for high‐resolution imaging, single‐nanoparticle‐level detection, and efficacy for tissue‐penetrating diagnostics and therapeutics.

中文翻译：

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用于生物光子学的镧系元素掺杂近红外纳米粒子

近红外 (NIR) 光谱区域的光越来越多地用于生物应用，与可见光范围内的光相比，由于吸收和散射较低，因此可以在生物组织中提供更深的渗透。在 NIR 范围内激发和/或发射的镧系元素掺杂发光纳米粒子由于其独特的光学特性，如大斯托克斯位移、光谱锐利的发光发射、长发光，作为非侵入性生物应用的主要候选者之一，最近引起了极大的关注。寿命和优异的光稳定性。本文介绍了具有 NIR 上转换或下移发光的镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子的最新进展及其在尖端生物光子应用中的应用。介绍了一套克服镧系元素掺杂纳米粒子低发光亮度的基本限制的有效策略。还包括对其最先进的生物光子学应用的深入文献综述，展示了它们在高分辨率成像、单纳米粒子水平检测以及组织穿透诊断和治疗功效方面的优越性。