This study analyses the dynamics of carbon emissions for N-11 countries from 1990 to 2017. We introduce some innovative factors such as financial development, human capital, renewable energy consumption, and gross domestic product as determinants of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The empirical estimations are based on Pesaran (2007) unit root test, common correlated effect mean group, and augmented mean group. The findings reveal a positive relationship between carbon emissions and financial development as well as a gross domestic product. In contrast, technological innovation and renewable energy consumption are adversely related to carbon emissions. These findings have important implications, and we recommend the promotion of technological innovation and the use of renewable energy consumption. This will help in achieving the goals set by COP21.

这项研究分析了1990年至2017年N-11个国家/地区的碳排放动态。我们介绍了一些创新因素，例如金融发展，人力资本，可再生能源消耗和国内生产总值，这些因素决定了二氧化碳（CO ₂）排放。实证估计基于Pesaran（2007）单位根检验，共同相关效应均值组和增强均值组。调查结果揭示了碳排放与金融发展以及国内生产总值之间的正相关关系。相反，技术创新和可再生能源消耗与碳排放负相关。这些发现具有重要意义，我们建议促进技术创新和使用可再生能源的消耗。这将有助于实现COP21设定的目标。